英汉翻译教学课件（共11篇）

英语十一种“钱”的表达方法

初学英语的人，常用expense来表示一切“费用”。其实expense主要是“花费”、“开

支”之意，如current expenses“日常开支”，selling expenses“销售费用”，trav elling expenses“旅费”等等。在现实生活中，各种“费用”有各种不同的表达法:

一、admiion (n.)指入场费。

如：admiion by ticket only凭票入场

二、charge (n.)“原价、要价”。

常用复数，主要用于一次性劳务所收取的费用，如服务费、行李超重费、旅馆费等

等。

如：what are the charges in the hotel?

这家旅馆收费多少？

三、cost (n.)本义为“成本”、“原价”。

常常用来表示对已取得的货物或劳务所支付的费用。

如：the cost of seeing a movie is seven dollars.看一场电影要花七美元。

四、fare (n.)指旅客乘公共汽车、出租车、火车、轮船、飞机等所支付的费用。

如：all fares, please.

(公共汽车售票员用语)请买票。

五、fee (n.)医生、律师或其它专门职业的佣金及会费、手续费、停车费等。

如：my lawyer"s hourly fee is 130 dollars.

我的律师的佣金是每小时130美元。

六、freight (n.)运费，指海运、空运、陆运的费用。

如：who will pay the freight on this order? 谁支付这批定货的运费？

七、postage (n.)指邮费。

如：how much postage do i need to send this package?寄这个包裹须付多少钱

？

八、rent (n.土地、建筑物、房舍、机器等定期的租费。

如：the student owed three months’rent for my house.那学生欠我三个月的房 租。

九、tip (n.)小费。

如：i gave my barber a fat tip.

我给理发师优厚的小费。

十、toll (n.)道路、桥梁、港口、市场的捐税、通行费及电话费等。

如：this month i had to pay 200 yuan toll call.这个月我要缴200元的电话费

。

十一、tuition (n.)学费。

如：john took out a loan to pay his tuition.

约翰贷款交付学费

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体育英语表达知多少？

一、运动会的名称

the Olympic Games奥运会

the Asian Games亚运会

National Games全运会

二、参赛的运动项目

1．Football 足球

the World Cup Soccer Championship世界杯足球锦标赛，soccer fans 足球迷，soccer hooligans 足球流氓，referee 主裁判，aistant referee（linesman）边裁（巡边员），goalkeeper守门员，halfback中卫，fullback后卫，wing边锋，forward 前锋，midfielder 中场球员，thump 劲射，penetration 突破，header 头球，pa-back 回传，dummy 假动作，tripping 绊人犯规，intentional kicking 故意踢人，handball 手球，free kick 任意球，corner kick 角球，ejection 被罚出场，penalty kick 罚点球，offside 越位， yellow card warning 黄牌警告，red card penalty 红牌判罚出场。

2．Basketball 篮球

referee 主裁判，umpire 裁判，basket and support 球篮和篮架，rim（hoop basket）篮圈， lay-up 上篮，shoot a basket 投篮，rebound 篮板球，control the rebound 控制篮板球，dribble 运球，scramble for the basketball 抢球，pa the ball 传球，bounce pa 反弹传球，behind the back pa 背后传球，snap pa 快速传球，drive to the basket 持续突破。

3．Table Tennis 乒乓球

singles 单打，men"s singles男子单打， women"s singles女子单打，doubles双打， mixed doubles 男女混合双打，serve the ball 发球，backhand drive 反手抽球，drive 抽球， forehand 正手击球，top-spin 上旋球，under-spin 下旋球，side-spin 侧旋球，loop 弧圈球， combine long drives with drop shots 长抽短吊，defensive player 防守型选手，attacking player 进攻型选手。

4．Gymnastics 体操

gymnastics exhibition 体操表演，floor exercise 自由体操，horizontal bar 单杠，parallel bars 双杠，pommels horse 鞍马，balance beam 平衡木，rings 吊环，uneven bars 高低杠。

5．Field Events 田赛

the long（broad）jump 跳远，the jumping pit 跳远的沙坑，the high jump 跳高，the triple jump 三级跳远，shot put 掷铅球，discus throw 掷铁饼。

6．Track Events 径赛项目

100-meter dash 100米赛，400-meter race 400米赛，long distance races 长跑，relay race接力赛，baton 接力棒，4×100-meter relay race 4×100接力赛，sprint 短跑，sprinter 短跑运动员，distance runners 长跑运动员，hur-dlers 跨栏运动员。

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Nice 2006-10-08 16:59 新闻英语标题的特点•省略

有的读者读英语报刊，心中无数，东翻翻，西看看，总想挑容易的文章读。一篇文章刚看了个头，一碰到生词，马上换一篇。如此这般，换了

六、七篇，还没确定读哪篇。那么，应该怎么读？首先要有准备地阅读，如先大致了解一下某报各版的主要内容，然后按照自己的兴趣或事先拟订的阅读计划，选定一个版面，有选择地阅读。

如果碰到生词，也要坚定地读下去。要知道，对于初、中等英语水平的读者，英语报刊文章很少会不出现生词。其次要有步骤地阅读。一般应先读标题，但由于标题（headline）短而精，不太好懂，不少读者常常绕开它。这是不明智的。一份英文报纸少则10至20版，多则数百版。读者一般时间有限，谁都不可能像读课文或看小说那样从头至尾一字不漏地通读一遍。我们拿起一份报纸总想迅速找到当天的报道重点或个人感兴趣的新闻和文章。怎样寻找呢？这就需要找个“向导”作介绍。显然，新闻标题就是十分理想的“向导”。这是因为标题是新闻内容的集中和概括，它用简练的文字浓缩了新闻中最主要或最值得注意的内容。英语新闻标题的措词、语法、修辞乃至标点符号等方面的特点较为突出，现一一予以简述。1．省略标题是新闻不可分割的组成部分。阅读英语报纸的新闻标题是我们学习阅读英语报刊的第一步。这么说绝无夸张之意，从语法角度来看，英语新闻标题有其一套独特的语法体系，与人们平时常见的英语句子语法有所不同，新闻英语学者称之为“标题语言”（headlines）。其中，标题中虚词的省略就是它的重要特点之一。一般而言，标题中虚词省略现象主要表现在以下几个方面：1）冠词基本省略。例如：

TENTH OF BRITISH MACKEREL CATCH GROUND INTO FEED （＝A TENTH OF THE BRITISH MACKEEL CATCH GROUND INTO FEED）

英国捕获鳍鱼一成碾为饲料THREE G0RGES FLOODED BY "FAREWELL" TOURISTS （＝THE THREE GORGES FLOODED BY "FAREWELL" TOURISTS） 惜别之情难以挡游客蜂拥至三峡2）联系动词通常省略。例如：
THREE DEAD AFTER INHALING OVEN GAS

（＝THREE ARE DEAD AFTER INHALING OVEN GAS）

吸入炉灶煤气三人窒息身亡CLINTON INAUGURATION MOST EXPENSIVE EVER （＝CLINTON INAUGURATI0N IS M0ST EXPENSIVE EVER） 克氏就职典礼花费空前巨大3）助动词通常省略。例如：
FINANCIER KILLED BY BURGLARS （＝A FINANCIER IS KILLED BY BURGLARS）

夜毛贼入室金融家遇害POPE TO VISIT JAPAN IN FEBRUARY （＝POPE IS TO VISIT JAPAN IN FEBRUARY） 教皇拟于二月访日 INDIA MENDING FENCES （＝INDIA IS MENDING FENCES）

印度正在改善与邻国的关系4）连词通常省略，并用逗号代替。例如：

US，VIETNAM RESUME TALKS （＝US AND VIETNAM RESUME TALKS）

美越恢复会谈NBC"S PRESIDENT ROBERT WRIGHT SEEKS BIG ACQUISITI0NS，VENTURES FOR THE NETWORK （=NBC"S PRESIDENT ROBERT WRIGHT SEEKS BIG ACQUISTIONS AND VENTURES FOR THE NETWORK）

“强有力的伙伴”+“可观的投资”——罗伯特董事长为NBC网络扩展而奔走此外，英语新闻标题还经常省去介词、代词等，这些词的省略并不妨碍读者的理解。

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Conferences 各类会议术语

aembly 大会 convention 会议 party 晚会, 社交性宴会 at-home party 家庭宴会 tea party 茶会

dinner party 晚餐会 garden party 游园会 dance(party), ball, fandango 舞会 reading party 读书会 fishing party 钓鱼会 sketching party 观剧会 birthday party 生日宴会 Christmas party 圣诞晚会 luncheon party 午餐会 fancy ball 化妆舞会

commemorative party 纪念宴会

wedding dinner, a wedding reception 结婚宴会 banquet 酒宴

pajama party 睡衣派对 buffet party 立食宴会 cocktail party 鸡尾酒会 welcome meeting 欢迎会 farewell party 惜别会

pink tea 公式茶会

new years"s banquet 新年会 year-end dinner party 忘年餐会 box supper 慈善餐会 fancy fair 义卖场

general meeting, general aembly 会员大会 congre 代表大会

board of directors 董事会

executive council, executive board 执行委员会 standing body 常设机构

committee, commiion 委员会

subcommittee 附属委员会,小组委员会

general committee, general officers, general bureau 总务委员会 secretariat 秘书处

budget committee 预算委员会 drafting committee 起草委员会

committee of experts 专家委员会

advisory committee, consultative committee 顾问委员会,咨询委员会 symposium 讨论会

study group 学习研讨会 seminar 讲习会,学习讨论会

meeting in camera 秘密会议 (美作:executive seion) opening sitting 开幕会 final sitting 闭幕会 formal sitting 隆重开会

plenary meeting 全会

sitting, meeting 开会 (美作:seion) seion 会期,会议期间 (美作:meeting) working party 工作小组

seat, headquarters 席位 governing body 主管团体 round table 圆桌

to sit a meeting, to meet a meeting, to hold a meeting 召开会议-------------------- hall 大会 rostrum 讲台 public gallery 旁听席 notice board 布告牌 to convene, to convoke 召开 convocation 会议

standing orders, by-laws 议事程序 rules of procedure 议事规则 constitution, statutes 章程 procedure 程序 agenda 议程

timetable, schedule 日程表,时刻表 item on the agenda 议程项目 other busine 其他事项 to place on the agenda 列入议程 working paper 工作文件 opening 开幕

the sitting is open 会议开幕 appointment 任命 to appoint 任命,委派

speaker 报告人

to make a speech, to deliver a speech 做报告 to ask for the floor 要求发言

to give the floor to 同意...发言 (美作:to recognize) to take the floor, to addre the meeting 发言 declaration, statement 声明

Am I in order? 我这样做符合议程规定吗? call to order 要求遵守秩序

to raise a point of order 提出关于议程的问题 general debate 长时间的讨论 receivability 可以接受,可接纳 stand 立场,主张

consensus 意见

advisory opinion 顾问意见 proposal 建议

to table a proposal 提出建议 clarification 澄清 comment 评论

to second, to support 赞成 to adopt 通过

to oppose 反对

to raise an objection 提出异议

to move an amendment 提出修正案 to amend 修正

second reading (法案、议案的)二读 substantive motion 实质性的动议 decision 决定 ruling 裁决 to reject 拒绝,驳回 resolution 决议

draft resolution 决议草案,提案 first draft, preliminary draft 草案初稿 whereases 正式文件的开场白,前言 motivations 表明动机 operative part 生效部分 report 报告

factual report 事实报告 minutes, record 记录 summary record 摘要纪录 verbatim record 逐字纪录

memorandum 备忘录

to postpone, to adjourn, to put off 推迟,延期 closure 闭幕式

closing speech 闭幕词

to adjourn the meeting, to close the meeting 散会 --------------------- member 成员

membership 成员资格

member as of right 法定代表 life member 终身成员

full-fledged member 全权代表 head of delegation 代表团团长 permanent delegate 常驻代表 representative 代表

alternate, substitute 副代表 observer 观察员

technical adviser 技术顾问 auditor 审计员 office 职务

holder of an office 职称

honorary president 名誉主席 chairman 主席

presidency, chairmanship, chair 主席团 interim chairman 临时主席

vice-president, vice-chairman 副主席 rapporteur 文书,秘书

former chairman 前主席 (美作:past chairman) director general 局长,处长

deputy director general 副局长,副处长 secretary general 秘书长 executive secretary 执行秘书 treasurer 司库 officials 官员 consultant 顾问 precis writer 记录(员) full powers 全权 to chair 主持

terms of reference 职权范围 with a right to vote 有表决权 ushers 招待

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英语翻译训练方法

英语翻译训练方法之——科技英语的特点与翻译

任何作品均有特定的文体，原文的文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文

"It appears that you"ve got the offer of a very good job." "A wonderful job." "Are you going to take it ?" "I don"t think so." "Why not?" "I don"t want to." "听说有个很好的工作要你去干。" "挺好的工作"。

"打算干吗？" "不。" "为什么不干？" "不想干"。

摘自《刀锋》（The Razor"s Edge ）

这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点，省去主语"你"、"我"；
将英语的一个句子I don"t think so.干脆译成一个字"不"，显得简洁有力。

She was of a helple, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner.Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distre as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helple poor know anything about.那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。

摘自（珍妮姑娘）（Jennie Gerhardt）,傅东华译.上面五十一个词的片断,就运用了十个形容词,占五分之一。"and in then dwelt such a shadow of distre"是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。

MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a lo.[蒙特利尔电]在全国手球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引起轰动。上半场领先四分，首开记录。克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。

这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。上述这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。

The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The fullscale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts acro the multiplier and 15volts acro the meter.从上述的一段科技文章，不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说，新闻报道等迥然不同。科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。

科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下：

一、大量使用名词化结构

《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。

Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。

句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。

The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。

名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。

If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat lo.Can be considerably reduced.炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。

科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第

一、二人称；
此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。

Television is the transmiion and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。

名词化结构the transmiion and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。

二、广泛使用被动语句

根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第

一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。

We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.

电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。

这一段短文中各句的主语分别为：
Electrical energy Such a device

Its ability to store electrical energy

It (Capacitance ) 它们都包含了较多的信息，并且处于句首的位置，非常醒目。四个主语完全不同，避免了单调重复，前后连贯，自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。

三、非限定动词。

如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；
使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；
使用不定式短语代替各种从句；
介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。

A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。

Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。

A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。

Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。

In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。

Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。

There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。

In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,meages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时，信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。

四、后置定语

大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种：

1、介词短语

The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。

A call for paper is now being iued .征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。

2、形容词及形容词短语。

In this factory the only fuel available is coal.该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。

In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。

3、副词

The air outside preed the side in .外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。

The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。

4、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。 The results obtained must be cheeked .获得的结果必须加以校核

The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。

5、定语从句

During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。

The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。

Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.(定语从句to which we pay little attention 修饰的是changes,这是一种分隔定语从句。) 我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。

To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fiion.制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。

五、常用句型

科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It---that---结构句型；
被动态结构句型；
结构句型，分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。举例如下：

It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one .显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。

It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting .看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的。

It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。

It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。

computers may be claified as analog and digital.计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。

The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times .新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。（或---缩短为三分之一。） This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here .人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。

Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light .电磁波传送的速度和光速相同。

Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5.如图5所示，微型计算机体积很小。

In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air .声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。

compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy .氧与氢比较，重量大约是它的十六倍。

The resistance being very high ,the current in the circuit was low.由于电阻很大，电路中通过的电流就小。

Ice keeps the same temperature while melting .冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变。

An object, once in motion ,will keep on moving because of its inertia.物体一旦运动，就会因惯性而持续运动。

All substances ,whether gaseous ,liquid or solid ,are made of atoms .一切物质，不论是气态、液态，还是固态，都由原子组成。

六、长句

为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词，以下即是一例。

The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations ,and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character aumed in the hypothesis.为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。

七、复合词与缩略词

大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；
缩略词趋向于任意构词，例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词，这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如：
full-enclosed 全封闭的（双词合成形容词） feed-back反馈（双词合成名词） work-harden 加工硬化（双词合成词）

cri-cro交叉着（双词合成副词）

on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的（多词合成形容词）

anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-miile反装甲车导弹（多词合成名词） radiophotography无线电传真（无连字符复合词） colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词） maths (mathematics)数学（裁减式缩略词） lab (laboratory)实验室 ft (foot/feet)英尺

cpd (compound)化合物

FM(frequency modulation)调频（用首字母组成的缩略词） P.S.I.(pounds per square inch)磅/英寸

SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器 TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信卫星（混成法构成的缩略词）

根据上述的科技文章的物占，在翻译过程中就要注意各种不同的翻译技巧与方法。例如被动 态的译法、长句的处理方法、倍数的译法等等。

大家来详细看几句习大大在APEC工商领导人峰会上的开幕演讲

1.山明水净夜来霜，数树深红出浅黄。

The water is clear and the mountain is bright, the frost comes in at night; Trees are covered with deep scarlet, leaves mixed with yellow that is light.

2.亚洲各国就像一盏盏明灯，只有串联并联起来，才能让亚洲的夜空灯火辉煌。

Asian countries are just like a cluster of bright lanterns.Only when we link them together, can we light up the night sky in our continent. 3.志存高远，脚踏实地。

Aspire for high and grand while planting our feet firmly on the ground.

4.应该变赢者通吃为各方共赢，共同做大亚太发展的蛋糕。

We should replace the “winner-take-all” mentality with an all-win approach and work together for great development and prosperity of our region.

5.生活从不眷顾因循守旧、满足现状者，而将更多机遇留给勇于和善于改革创新的人们。

Life never favors those who always follow the beaten path and content themselves with the status quo.Instead, life saves opportunities for people who are willing and able to reform and innovate.

6.如果说创新是中国发展的新引擎，那么改革就是必不可少的点火器。

If innovation is the new engine for China"s development, reform is the indispensable igniter.

the most-favored-nation clause最惠国条款

A rolling stone gathers no mo 滚石不生苔

the Trojan horse 特洛伊木马 the heel of Achilles阿喀琉斯之踵 Blood is thicker than water.血溶于水

with a heavy heart 心情沉重；

more haste, le speed 欲速则不达

to praise to the skies捧上天去 to be on thin ice 如履薄冰 Walls have ears.隔墙有耳

As stubborn as a mule犟得象头牛 To fish in the air 水中捞月 To drink like a fish牛饮

To be at the end of one’s rope山穷水尽

To spend money like water挥金如土/花钱如流水

have an axe on the grind醉翁之意不在酒

a wet blanket一个令人扫兴的人 like a fish out of water.很不自在 be born with a silver spoon in her mouth生长在富贵之家

Like father, like son.有其父，必有其子Least said, sooner mended.说得少，错的少

Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不想

Penny wise, pound foolish.小事聪明，大事糊涂

Where there’s a will, there’s a way.有志者，事竟成 a white elephant毫无用处 in the red惨淡经营

Heads or tails?正面还是反面 Where is the head?（船）厕所在哪里?

man-of-war 战舰 soft money纸币

soft breeze微风

soft words温暖的话语

to be on tenterhooks (心情烦乱，焦急，紧张)

cut a joke插科打诨

speak one’s mind畅所欲言 be after one’s own heart称心如意

at one’s finger-tips了如指掌

fish in troubled waters浑水摸鱼 thousands upon thousands of 成千上万

in deep water水深火热

turn up one’s nose at嗤之以鼻 skins and bones皮包骨头 touch and go一触即发

from the cradle to the grave一生一世

hit the nail on the head一语道破 turn a deaf ear to充耳不闻

be head and shoulders above others出人头地

pick a hole in sb’s coat吹毛求疵 burn one’s boat.破釜沉舟 make a fu about大惊小怪 look for a needle in a bundle of hay大海捞针

talk black into white颠倒黑白 have one’s nose in the air得意忘形

worship the rising sun攀龙附凤 hit the ceiling; fly into a rage大发雷霆

hold a wolf by the ears骑虎难下 turn a blind eye to视而不见 Look before you leap.三思而后行．

Make hay while the sun shines.趁热打铁．

There is no smoke without fire.无风不起浪．

ill news travels fast.恶事传千里． Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧． Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于言辞．

East and west, home is best.金窝银窝，不如自己的狗窝． All is fish that comes to the net.拉入篮里就是菜．

Everything comes to him who waits.皇天不负苦心人．

The moon is not seen when the sun shines.小巫见大巫．

went through fire and flood赴汤蹈火

have a lucky star above you.福星高照

reaping what he has sown.咎由自

取

between the devil and the deep sea进退维谷

throws her cares to the winds.把忧愁抛至九霄云外

fair without but foul within.口蜜腹剑

has a ready tongue伶牙利齿 light-fingered gentry梁上君子 on the downgrade每况愈下

throw dust into the eye of迷人眼目 searching his heart扪心自问 rolled up his sleeves摩拳擦掌 do our level best全力以赴 swallow the insult忍气吞声 come to the end of their tether.走投无路

eating the bread of idlene游手好

闲

set the wolf to keep the sheep引狼入室

shooting off his mouth信口开河 does not know the first thing of一窍不通

hot potatoes棘手

a bird in the bush.未到手的东西 warm snakes in our bosoms.姑息坏

人

separate the sheep from the goats.

把好坏分清楚

blowing hot and cold.反复无常 hoes his own potatoes.只管自己的事

lick sb’s boots 巴结

stick to one’s last安分守己

keep sth.Under one’s hat 保密 eat one’s heart out极度悲痛 be in irons被监禁

eat like a bird吃得极少 break the ice打破僵局

jump out one’s skin大吃一惊 walk on air得意洋洋 get the green light得到许可 turn thumbs down on sth.反对 trifling鸡毛蒜皮

come straight to the point开门见山 do sth.desperate狗急跳

walk off with sth顺手牵羊

trust to chance and stroke of luck

守株待兔

an impregnable fortre铜墙铁壁

engage in a battle of words唇枪舌Crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪；

Armed to the teeth武装到牙齿；

Chain reaction连锁反应；

Gentlemen’s agreement君子协定；

One country, two systems一国两See Marx见马克思；

Kick the bucket蹬腿;Go to heaven上天堂；

Blow out the candles吹灯拔蜡；

as white as snow白如雪

Spring up like mushrooms雨后春

笋

Everybody"s busine is nobody"s

busine.三个和尚没水喝

Among the blind the one -eyed man

is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王 剑at one’s wit’s end黔驴技穷 all by oneself单枪匹马 bursting with energy生龙活虎predestined relationship缘分 blood relationship血缘 relations with people人缘 predestined marriage姻缘 制；
Paper tiger纸老虎；

The three religions and the nineschools of thought三教九流 The long sleep长眠；

predestination前世因缘 Go west上西天；

１．It is quite another story now.现在情形完全不同了．

2.A young man came to Scotts office with a story.一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案．

3.It is a long story.说起来话就长了．

4.He’ll be very happy if that story holds up.如果这一说法能够成立，那他就太高兴了．

5.The white-haired girl’s story is one of the saddest.白毛女的遭遇可算是最悲惨的了．

6．After the fall of France, Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea.法国崩溃之后，德国陆军大大超过英国，空军力量旗鼓相当，海军则严重处于劣势．

7.Yet her youthful craving for knowledge, her aspiring spirit, made her read on eagerly whether she understood or not.可是青年人热烈的求知欲望和好高骛远的劲头，管它懂不懂，她还是如饥如渴地读下去．

8.It is a good workman that never blunders.智者千虑，必有一失．

9．It is a long lane that has no end.路必有弯

10.It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.坏事未必对人人都有害处．

11.It’s a good horse that never stumbles好马也有失蹄时．

12.Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮．

13.Don’t try to show off your proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter.别班门弄斧．

14.It is just as the proverb goes, “The onlooker sees most of the game.” 这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”．

15.I was practically on my knees but he still refused.我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝．

16.The two sisters were usually in agreement on most iues, but they were at swords’ points on the matter of abortion.在很多问题上姐妹俩的意见通常是一致的，但在人工流产问题上，她们是有激烈的争执的．

17.He is a rolling stone.I don’t think he can go far.他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息．

18.Since I only got the news at second hand, I took it with a grain of salt.这个消息我只是间接听来的，所以并不完全相信．

19.I must bare my heart to someone, or I shall go mad! 我一定要向人讲真心话，否则我会发疯的！

20.I’ll break my neck to get this done by Friday, but I can’t promise for sure.我一定要尽最大的努力在星期五以前完成此事，但我不能说定．

21.By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband.她用这种手段离间这对夫妻．

22.He thinks by all this fast talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes, but she isn’t deceived.他以为像这样花言巧语加上奉承就可以蒙蔽她，但她没有受骗．

23.The matter was finally settled under the table.事情终于私下解决了．

24.那位小伙子真是喝了大胆汤.That young man has great courage, indeed!

25.别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全,真是个顺风耳啊!You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families.You are really well informed.

26.让我们一直往前走吧,不要三心二意.Let’s go straight ahead.Don’t be wavering.

27.他这几天心里七上八下,老是安静不下来.His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight.

28.这些问题盘根错节,三言两语说不清楚.These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.

29.一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.

奥巴马《勇往直前》第一章（6）原创中英对照

It was Bill Clinton’s singularcontribution that he tried to transcend this deadlock,recognizing not only that what had come to be meant by the labelsof “conservative” and “liberal” played to Republican advantage, butthat the categories were inadequate to addre the problems wefaced.At times during his first campaign, his gestures towarddisaffected Reagan Democrats could seem clumsy and transparent(what ever happened to Sister Souljah?) or frighteninglycoldhearted (allowing the execution of a mentally retarded deathrow inmate to go forward on the eve of an important primary).Inthe first two years of his presidency, he would be toabandon some core elements of his platform—universal health care,aggreive investment in education and training—that might havemore decisively reversed the long-term trends that were underminingthe position of working families in the new economy.克林顿（BillClinton）总统一人独辟蹊径，试图打破这种意识形态的僵局，他认识到在政客身上打上“保守派”和“自由派”的标签渐渐趋向有利于共和党，也发现了解决我们面对的问题的手段不足。在他第一次竞选总统时，他在处理愤愤不平的民主党里根支持者（传统上是民主党人，特别是北方的白人工人阶级，但在里根竞选总统时投票给共和党）的手法上显得有些笨拙和直率（索尔嘉妹妹是怎么啦？1992年克林顿在竞选时严厉谴责政治立场激进而且喜好饶舌的女歌星SisterSouljah，并因此而赢得了中间选民的支持），或者是令人寒心的冷淡无情（在重要的初选前夕提前对一个智障精神病的死囚执行死刑）。在总统任期的前2年，他被迫放弃了自己政治纲领中的一些核心原则——全民卫生保健计划，对教育和培训的积极投资——因此可能导致决定性地颠倒了美国长期发展趋势，这种趋势正在削弱新经济体中工作家庭的地位。

Still, he instinctively understoodthe falsene of the choices being presented to the Americanpeople.He saw that government spending and regulation could, ifproperly designed, serve as vital ingredients and not inhibitors toeconomic growth, and how markets and fiscal discipline could helppromote social justice.He recognized that not only societalresponsibility but personal responsibility was needed to combatpoverty.In his platform—if not always in his day-to-daypolitics—Clinton’s Third Way went beyond splitting the difference.It tapped into the pragmatic, nonideological attitude of themajority of Americans.但，他本能地意识到这是个错误的选择，他注意到如果能够合理安排政府开支和政府规章的话，会成为经济的发展中至关重要的因素而且不会产生抑制作用，市场和财政自律能够有助于促进社会公平。他认识到扫除贫穷不仅是社会机构的责任，也是每个人的责任。在克林顿总统的政治纲领中——并不一定呈现于他每日的政治活动中——他的第三条路线政策（ThirdWay，是介于自由放任资本主义和福利国家之间的一种发展模式。由于它与里根以前的自由主义政策以及里根后的保守主义政策都不一样，故称之为第三条道路）远不仅仅是折中路线。它迎合了注重实效的、无意识形态的大多数美国人的性情。

Indeed, by the end of hispresidency, Clinton’s policies—recognizably progreive if modestin their goals—enjoyed broad public support.Politically, he hadwrung out of the Democratic Party some of the excees that hadkept it from winning elections.That he failed, despite a boomingeconomy, to translate popular policies into anything resembling agoverning coalition said something about the demographicdifficulties Democrats were facing (in particular, the shift inpopulation growth to an increasingly solid Republican South) andthe structural advantages the Republicans enjoyed in the Senate,where the votes of two Republican senators from Wyoming, population493,782, equaled the votes of two Democratic senators fromCalifornia, population 33,871,648.实际上，在他总统任期结束时，克林顿的政策——如果谦虚一点地说，被公认为进步策略——得到了广大民众的支持。从政治上来说，为了竞选胜利，他削弱了某些民主党的政治优势。在这方面他失败了，尽管国家经济繁荣，但是将受欢迎的政策转变为两党治理联合的形式，说明民主党正在面临着人口分布带来的难题（特别是，人口增长使得共和党南方阵营日益稳固），并且共和党在国会享有组织结构优势，因为在国会中，两张来自怀俄明州（人口49万3782）共和党参议员的投票与两张来自加州（人口3387万1648）民主党参议员的投票具有相同的效力。

But that failure also testified tothe skill with which Gingrich, Rove, Norquist, and the like wereable to consolidate and institutionalize the conservative movement.They tapped the unlimited resources of corporate sponsors andwealthy donors to create a network of think tanks and mediaoutlets.They brought state-of-the-art technology to the task ofmobilizing their base, and centralized power in the House ofRepresentatives in order to enhance party discipline.但是这方面的失败也是拜金里奇,罗夫和罗奎斯特等人的所赐，他们有能力巩固并制度化保守党的政治运动。他们利用企业赞助者和富有捐赠者的无限资源建造了一个政治智囊团和媒体渠道的网络。他们应用这种艺术级别的政治活动方式来动员基层党员，而且为了加强党纪，将众议院的权力集中化。

And they understood the threatClinton posed to their vision of a long-term conservative majority,which helps explain the vehemence with which they went after him.It also explains why they invested so much time attacking Clinton’smorality, for if Clinton’s policies were hardly radical, hisbiography (the draft letter saga, the marijuana puffing, the IvyLeague intellectualism, the profeional wife who didn’t bakecookies, and most of all the sex) proved perfect grist for theconservative base.With enough repetition, a loosene with thefacts, and the ultimately undeniable evidence of the President’sown personal lapses, Clinton could be made to embody the verytraits of sixties liberalism that had helped spur the conservativemovement in the first place.Clinton may have fought that movementto a draw, but the movement would come out stronger for it—and inGeorge W.Bush’s first term, that movement would take over theUnited States government.而且他们也明白克林顿总统对长期占据议会中多数席位的共和党所形成的威胁，这也解释了为何他们如此热衷于对付克林顿。这同样解释了为何他们花了如此多时间攻击克林顿的道德问题。因为，如果他们在克林顿的政策上找不出什么毛病，那克林顿的自传（当逃兵，吸食大麻，在名牌大学习得的理智主义，从政的老婆从不下厨，最糟糕的是性丑闻）则被证明对共和党阵营十分有利。他们将材料复制足够多份，对事件进行添油加醋，还有在根本上不可否认的克林顿自身行为不检的证据，最后结论是在克林顿身上体现了60年代自由主义的明显特征，而恰恰是60年代的自由主义在最初刺激了保守党政治活动。虽然克林顿在当时也许和这个运动团体打成个平手，但他们经过这事后变得更强大了——在小布什的第一任总统任期，这个运动团体接管了美国政府。

THIS TELLING OF the story is tooneat, I know.It ignores critical strands in the historicalnarrative—how the decline of manufacturing and Reagan’s firing ofthe air traffic controllers critically wounded America’s labormovement; the way that the creation of majority-minoritycongreional districts in the South simultaneously ensured moreblack representatives and reduced Democratic seats in that region;the lack of cooperation that Clinton received from congreionalDemocrats, who had grown fat and complacent and didn’t realize thefight they were in.It also doesn’t capture the degree to whichadvances in political gerrymandering polarized the Congre, or howefficiently money and negative television ads have poisoned theatmosphere.我知道，这种叙事方式过于简洁了。我忽略了在历史叙事中的一些关键情节，例如：制造业是如何衰落的；
里根政府开除罢工的航管员是如何关键性地重创了美国劳工运动；
南方是如何划分多数派选举区和少数派选举区，在同一地区保证黑人拥有更多众议员席位的但同时使得民主党席位减少了；
克林顿总统很难从民主党议员们处得到支持，因为自鸣得意的他们正在捞政治油水，而没有意识到他们已陷入一场斗争中。文章也没有记录改划选举区所导致的国会两极分化造成的影响，或金钱和负面电视广告是如何有效的荼毒政治环境。

Still, when I think about what thatold Washington hand told me that night, when I ponder the work of aGeorge Kennan or a George Marshall, when I read the speeches of aBobby Kennedy or an Everett Dirksen, I can’t help feeling that thepolitics of today suffers from a case of arrested development.Forthese men, the iues America faced were never abstract and hencenever simple.War might be hell and still the right thing to do.Economies could collapse despite the best-laid plans.People couldwork hard all their lives and still lose everything.当我想起那位老华盛顿政客在那晚对我说的话时，当我仔细估量乔治·凯南（GeorgeFrost Kennan，美国外交家，冷战时对苏联遏制政策的始创人）或乔治·马歇尔（GeorgeMarshall，美国军事家、战略家、政治家、外交家，美国陆军五星上将）的丰功伟绩时，当我阅读博比.肯尼迪（BobbyKennedy）或埃弗里特.德克森（EverettDirksen）的演讲稿时，我忍不住感到今日的政治正经历一段发育不良的时期。在这些人的年代，他们一直面对的都是复杂的难题，而且非常棘手。战争也许带来痛苦，但在当时仍是一个正确的选择。就算准备了最好的计划，经济还是有可能会崩溃。人们一生勤劳工作但是仍然有可能会失去一切。

For the generation of leaders whofollowed, raised in relative comfort, different experiences yieldeda different attitude toward politics.In the back-and-forth betweenClinton and Gingrich, and in the elections of 2000 and 2004, Isometimes felt as if I were watching the psychodrama of the BabyBoom generation—a tale rooted in old grudges and revenge plotshatched on a handful of college campuses long ago—played out on thenational stage.The victories that the sixties generation broughtabout—the admiion of minorities and women into full citizenship,the strengthening of individual liberties and the healthywillingne to question authority—have made America a far betterplace for all its citizens.But what has been lost in the proce,and has yet to be replaced, are those shared aumptions—thatquality of trust and fellow feeling—that bring us together asAmericans.由于各代领导者们的目标和成长经历的不同，使得他们对政治的态度也不同。在克林顿和金里奇之间不断的争斗中，在2000年和2004年的选举中，我有时感觉自己是在观看生育高峰的一代人在国家政治舞台上喧泻情感，扮演心理剧(一种可使患者的感情得以发泄从而达到心理治疗效果的戏剧)，讲述一个在很久以前有一群大学生在上学时就构思策划好的包含怨恨和复仇的故事。上世纪60年代的人们争取到的胜利有：承认了少数派种族和女人的公民权利，巩固了公民个人的自由权利，并且只要你带着好的意愿你就可以质问当局，这使得所有的公民们都认为美国是一个极度美好的国家。但是在取得这些进步的过程中我们所失去的，并且现在已经被取代了的，是那些共同的预期——那是信任和互相理解的本质，也是使美国人团结一心的思想。

So where does that leave us?Theoretically the Republican Party might have produced its ownClinton, a center-right leader who built on Clinton’s fiscalconservatism while moving more aggreively to revamp a creakyfederal bureaucracy and experiment with market- or faith-basedsolutions to social policy.And in fact such a leader may stillemerge.Not all Republican elected officials subscribe to thetenets of today’s movement conservatives.In both the House and theSenate, and in state capitals acro the country, there are thosewho cling to more traditional conservative virtues of temperanceand restraint—men and women who recognize that piling up debt tofinance tax cuts for the wealthy is irresponsible, that deficitreduction can’t take place on the backs of the poor, that theseparation of church and state protects the church as well as thestate, that conservation and conservatism don’t have to conflict,and that foreign policy should be based on facts and not wishfulthinking.那么，现在我们该怎么办？理论上来说，共和党可以打造出一个保守派的克林顿，一个稍稍右倾的领导人，一方面坚持克林顿的财政保守政策，另一面更加积极地修复摇摇欲坠的联邦官僚作风，并且更加积极地在市场上做尝试，或者提出基于信仰的社会政策解决方法。实际上，这样的一个领导还是有可能被造出来的。不是所有的共和党推举出的官员都是坚守当今保守主义运动原则的。在众议院在参议院中，在全国的州首府中，存在有一些公务员，他们坚守更加传统的保守主义美德，如自我克制和态度严谨，他们明白为富有的人减税而增加国家负债是不负责任的，减少国家财政赤字的责任不能扔给穷人，保留传统和保守派政策并不一定有冲突，外交政策应建立在事实的基础上，而不是自己的愿望或欲望上。

But these Republicans are not theones who have driven the debate over the past six years.Instead ofthe “compaionate conservatism” that George Bush promised in his2000 campaign, what has characterized the ideological core oftoday’s GOP is absolutism, not conservatism.There is theabsolutism of the free market, an ideology of no taxes, noregulation, no safety net—indeed, no government beyond what’srequired to protect private property and provide for the nationaldefense.

但是这些共和党人并不是在过去6年里在党内掌权的人。小布什总统在他2000年竞选时曾经向选民承诺“有同情心的保守主义”，但今日大老党的意识核心思想却表现为专制主义，而非保守主义。就是对市场完全放开，不加税，政府放开管制，没有安全保证——的确，没有政府能在保护民众的私有财产的同时向他们提供国家安全防卫。

There’s the religious absolutism ofthe Christian right, a movement that gained traction on theundeniably difficult iue of abortion, but which soon floweredinto something much broader; a movement that insists not only thatChristianity is America’s dominant faith, but that a particular,fundamentalist brand of that faith should drive public policy,overriding any alternative source of understanding, whether thewritings of liberal theologians, the findings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, or the words of Thomas Jefferson.还有宗教信仰上基督教的专制问题，由无可置疑的棘手问题堕胎而引致的政治运动，但很快地就发展成为更普遍性的问题；
宗教政治者在活动中坚称基督教不只是一个在美国处于支配地位的宗教信仰，它也是一个单独特别的正统信仰，应该由宗教信仰来引导国家政策，它高于其它所有认知和信仰，不管是自由主义神学研究者的著作和国家科学院的研究报告，还是托马斯.杰斐逊（ThomasJefferson，第三任美国总统(1801-1809年），他参与起草了《独立宣言》(1776年））关于宗教信仰自由的言论。

英汉对比与翻译

被动与主动

英语多用被动句，而汉语少用被动句，多采用主动的表达方式。

英语常用被动句，主要有以下几方面的原因：

1.施事的原因。

A 施事未知而难以言明。

B 施事从上下文中可以不言自明。

C 施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调。

D 由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事，如为了使叙述显得圆通，得体，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪。

Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.

今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。

2.句法的要求。

A 为了使句子承上启下，前后连贯，便于衔接。

Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin things, called “fibres”, and these fibres can be made into cloth.

B 为了保持句子平衡。

I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job

3.修辞的考虑。

英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句，但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变，避免句型单调，达到一定的修辞效果。

4.文体的需要。

某些文体较多使用被动句，以迎合其表达的需要。

例如科技文体，新闻文体，公文文体等，以显客观，正式。

It‟s traditional among technical writers to keep themselves in the background, to exclude personal pronouns and emphasize their work instead.

由于铝总是和其他元素结合在一起的，所以，在自然界找不到处于游离状态的铝。

原译: Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, we can never find it.

Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, it is never found free.

我们将理论设想与模拟实验结果进行比较，发现该理论设想完全可以应用于电力系统。

The theoretical prediction was compared to the results from simulated tests and was found to be applicable to power system.

汉语少用被动句

汉语的被动语态有较明显的消极情态色彩，历史上曾经被称为 “不幸语态”(the Inflictive-Voice)。

汉语中实际存在两种被动句：

一是有形态标志的被动句。

形态标志主要指的是“被，受，遭”等词语，又称为结构被动句。

The aged should be respected everywhere.

老人应到处受到尊敬。

She was caught in the downpour.

她叫大雨淋着了。

The dictionaries have been affected with damp.

字典受潮了。

Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch.

面积的三分之二由广阔的松林,云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。

If this suggestion is accepted, it should not be considered as a precedent.

如果此建议被接受,以后不得引以为例。

We were received with great honor and kindne in your great country.

我们在贵国受到过隆重和盛情的接待。

另一种被动句是无形态标志的被动句，又称为意义被动句。

杯子打了。

这个座位占了。

新产品总是好卖。

那个技术性难题很难解决。

Only objects struck by the light are visible.

只有被光照到的东西才能被看见。

光照到的物体是可见的。

汉译英

A 汉语的“意义被动句”译为英语的被动语态。

军备竞赛必须制止。

The arms race must be stopped.

我们的团结进一步加强了。

Our unity has been further strengthened.

B.汉语的无主句往往转换成英语被动句。

必须保证8小时睡眠。

Eight hours‟ sleep must be guaranteed.

发现了错误，一定要改正。

Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.

C. 有时将主动句转移为英语被动句是为了上下文的连贯，使句子之间的衔接紧密自然。

那个孩子在街上玩，一辆摩托车把他撞伤了。

The boy playing in the street was injured by a motorcycle.

他出现在舞台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.

英译汉中的一个普遍而又可理解的现象:不适当的乱用”被”。

Unle something is moved, no work is done.

除非某种东西被移动，否则功就不会被完成。

除非某种东西发生了移动，否则就没有功。

英译汉

A

转换成汉语的意义被动句。

Solution to the problem was ultimately found.

这个问题的解决办法终于找到了。

On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismied briefly.

在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报导了一下。

B 变状语或其他成分为主语，把原主语转换成宾语。

Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.

润滑能减少摩擦,延长机器寿命。

C 如原句无表施动者的状语，考虑到汉语的表达习惯，可适当填词，如 “人, 人们,大家,我们”。

The lecture is considered very important for beginners.

大家认为这个讲座对初学者来说很重要。

Although the first synthetic materials were created little more than a hundred years ago, they can now be found almost everywhere.

虽然首批合成材料仅在一百多年前才研制出来，但现在人们几乎都到处能见到它们。

D 转换成汉语无主句。

A force is needed to stop a moving body.

要使运动的物体停下来，就需要施加力。

E 有些英语被动句被动意义很弱，侧重强调或肯定某一事实或行为的存在，可按原句语序译成汉语“是„.的”判断句。

History is made by the people.

历史是人民创造的。

The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.

美国的学分制是一八七二年在哈佛大学首先实施的。

F 用“加以”，“予以”等字眼。

These problems should be resolved at an appropriate time with an appropriate means.

这些问题应当在适当的时候，以适当的方式加以解决。

Our prisoners of war must be repaired without further delay.

我们的战俘必须毫不延迟地予以遣返。

英语被动语态有其独到的修辞功能.

比较:

The games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of Beijing.

Beijing has been awarded the games of the 29th Olympiad.

在翻译被动语态时,句尾信息核心原则(the Principle of Endfocus)不可遗忘。

应用文翻译

应用文就体裁而言，几乎涵盖当今政治，经济，社会，文化生活的各个领域，包括政府文件，告示，科技论文，新闻报道，法律文书，商贸信函，产品说明书，使用手册，广告，技术文本，科普读物，旅游指南（tourist guidebook）等各类文本。

应用文翻译有别于文学翻译。

按照功能翻译学派的理论：翻译是一种有目的的交际活动。在这一过程中，译者应该根据客户或委托人的要求，结合翻译的目的和译语读者的具体情况，来决定原语文本信息的选择，翻译策略的运用及译文的表现形式，以满足不同文本的功能。

文本类型分类

按照文本功能，文本可分为三种：

表达型文本(expreive texts)

信息型文本(informative texts)

呼唤型文本(vocative texts)

表达型文本的核心是作者的思想，其在文本中的地位是神圣的，因而作者的个性成分构成了表达型文本的表达要素，包括他所要传递的思想，信息以及表达思想的方式。

Question: 哪些体裁属于表达型文本？

文学作品，私人书信等

信息型文本中，信息传达的“真实性”是这类文本的“核心”，而作者在文本中只是处于一种“匿名”的地位，作者的个人写作手法，风格或者个人成分不再重要。

Question: 哪些体裁属于信息型文本？

科技报告，法律文书，合同，商品说明书等。

对于信息型文本（科技，法律，新闻）的翻译来说，其侧重点在于信息的准确传递。在这些文体当中，引起读者的晦涩，曲解是大忌。因此，与一般的翻译文本不同，在形式与内容的关系上，它往往注重内容而轻形式，为突出信息传递的效果不惜改变原文形式。它不像文学作品那样追求对文学形象的审美体验。

The contract was declared null and void by the competent authority.

主管部门宣布合同无效。

We are looking forward with interest to your reply.

盼复。

Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon.

恐怖分子劫持客机撞向世贸双塔，美国国防部五角大楼也遭突袭。

呼唤型文本中，由于文本的“核心”是“读者层”，是需要呼唤读者去感受，反应，行动，因而文本作者的身份并不重要，包括他在文本中体现的个人成分：思想，风格。

Question: 哪些体裁属于呼唤型文本？

广告，包括商品，旅游广告等

对于呼唤型文本的翻译来说，其目的在于诱导。非常注重读者的反应。意在唤起读者去体验去行动，它更看重的是译文的效果而不是原文。

在翻译策略上，基本以“归化”为主流。

以目的语读者为中心，顺从译文读者的欣赏习惯和心理感受，尽量使用他们所熟悉的语言表达形式，减少信息交流与文化交流的障碍，去获取译文预期的效果。甚至原文的信息都可以考虑增删，改动，以配合读者的需要。这是它大大不同于文学翻译的地方。

M＆M’ melts in your mouth, not in your hands. 只溶于口,不溶于手。

Where there is a way for car, there is a Toyota. 车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。

Not all cars are created equal.

古有千里马,今有三菱车。

总而言之，在具体的操作中，很少有文本是只有单纯一种功能的，大部分文本都是以一种功能为主而其他二者兼而有之。因此，译者必须首先确定一种文本的主要功能，或在同一文本不同部分确定每一部分的语言功能，从而有针对性地采用相应的翻译策略和手法，或忠实传递原文信息，或顾及译文读者，注重译文效果。

英汉旅游文本对比与翻译

旅游文本包括旅游景点介绍，旅游宣传广告，旅游告示标牌，民俗风情画册等。

旅游资料是一种大众化的，喜闻乐见的通俗读物，它的目的就是要让普通游客读懂看懂并能从中获取相关的自然，地理，文化，风俗等方面的知识，并有到此一游的愿望。

旅游资料主要有两个功能：一是传递信息；
二是诱导行动。其功能更像商品广告，目的是要吸引游客，最大限度地取得旅游产品的预期功能。

英汉旅游文本的差异

满树金花，芳香四溢的金桂；
花白如雪，香气扑鼻的银桂；
红里透黄，花多味浓的紫砂桂；
花色似银，季季有花的四季桂，竟相开放，争妍媲美。进入桂花公园，阵阵桂花花香扑鼻而来。

The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus.Flowers from these trees in different colors are in full bloom, which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance of their blooms.

Tiny islands are strung around the edge of the peninsula like a pearl necklace: hunks of coral reef, coconut palms and fine white sand.

座座岛屿玲珑小巧，紧密相连，像一串珍珠缀成的项链，环绕着半岛边缘。岛上椰树成片，沙滩如银，四周满是红色的珊瑚礁，景色如诗如画。

英文旅游文体大多简洁，明了，客观力求忠实再现自然。最忌罗嗦堆砌，失其自然流畅之美。

汉语讲究四言八句，言辞华美，声情并茂，诗情画意盎然，情景相融，虚实相生，充满了意境美，色彩美，音韵美，情感美，极大地迎合了中华民族的审美心理和欣赏习惯。

英汉互译

汉译英------修辞性减译

英译汉------修辞性增译

Venice invites idlene and strolling.Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas (I count only the happy hours).

威尼斯是人们休闲解闷，闲庭信步的好去处，她宁静从容，闲适悠然，连城中的日就上都刻着这样的铭文：“只记幸福时光”。

阿坝州风光秀丽，山河壮美。座座雪峰耸入云霄，原始森林遮天盖地，莽莽草原花团锦簇，叠溪遗迹神秘奥妙，瀑布溪流蜿蜒跌宕，高山湖泊灿若明珠，藏羌村寨别具一格，肥沃河谷瓜果飘乡。

The beautiful landscapes of Aba Prefecture feature towering snow-clad mountains, cricroing rivers, and boundle forests and graland.On this fertile land are peculiar geological ruins, fantastic streams and waterfalls, alpine lakes, and Tibetan and Qiang villages.

注释性增译或改译

The earliest recorded eruption of Vesuvius occurred in 79 A.D.and destroyed Pompeii.

有记录记载的最早的维苏威火山喷发是在公元79年，摧毁了庞贝古城。

归化

As one of the Four Tigers in Asia, Hong Kong is also known as the Oriental Pearl and the Shopping Paradise.

作为亚洲四小龙之一的香港，同样被誉为“东方之珠”和“购物天堂”。

Singapore, the smallest nation in Asia, occupies a 225 square mile expanse of swamping, tropical islands---an area about the size of Trenton, New Jersay.

亚洲最小的国家新加坡是一个热带国家，原是一片洼地，面积为225平方英里，远不如香港的一半大。

英汉企业推介文本的差异与翻译

企业推介文本是对外宣传企事业单位形象的一个主要途径，用最直接有效的方式让国外读者或消费者了解自己，以促成购买的欲望与行为。

企业推介文本属于呼唤型文本，其翻译的核心是传递信息，感染受众。

英汉企业推介文本的差异

内容

语言

内容

我国企业在推介自己时，多在炫耀自己是成功者，竭力为读者树立一个强大而可靠的形象，以博取消费者的信赖。

我国的简介在内容上常常千篇1律，一般都是包括企业的经营性质，注册资金，从业人员，厂房占地面积，产品介绍，获奖情况等。

英文的推介显得灵活轻松，以人为本，客观具体，突出信息功能，把功夫放在给读者留下切实可行的印象上。

语言

汉语修辞讲究词句整齐对仗，声韵和谐。重视凝练概括，辞藻华丽。大量渲染烘托，夸大煽情。常常用响亮的口号作为结尾。

英语

不示人以其艺术性的艺术是最高的艺术。

这一修辞传统造成西方话语推崇质朴自然，在平实中显生动，重客观表述事实，不提倡文字表达重过分张扬，空洞无物，重复堆砌。因此，英语企业推介文本行文简洁直接，信息明确，逻辑条理清楚，一目了然。

精制老北京二锅头”为北京特产。已具百年历史，因具独特风格而蜚声华夏。该酒以红高粱为原料，采用传统工艺精制而成。本品清香纯正，醇甜绵柔，爽净协调，余味悠长，实为宴朋赠友之上品---精制老北京二锅头。

西凤酒是久负盛誉的名酒之一，远在唐代就被列为珍品，北宋末年，苏东坡任职凤翔，酷爱此酒，随之盛名益彰。1910年西凤酒参加南洋赛酒会获奖，随获世界声誉。

西凤酒清澈透明，香气浓郁，醇厚圆润，回味悠长，别具一格。饮后令人神声清爽，有通胃祛劳之功，历为广大群众所喜爱。---西凤酒

绵竹“剑南春”酒，久负盛名，曾多次荣获各种奖励，1989年荣获国家优质金奖，为中外人士赞赏。

“剑南春”历史悠久，唐人李肇《国史补》一书已有记载。

它是用高粱，大米，糯米，小麦，玉米酿造，具有芳香浓郁，醇和甘甜，清冽净爽，余味悠长的特点，是宴席馈赠之佳品。---剑南春

中铁XXX局集团有限公司是一支修建铁路，公路，承担市政建设，工业与民用建筑，设备安装，火电，水利水电，机场，港口，矿山建筑与安装的大型专业施工队伍。现有员工XXX名，拥有各类专业技术干部XXX名。

企业资产总值XXX亿多元，年施工能力XXX亿元以上，拥有各类大中型施工机械设备XXX台（套），拥有世界先进，国内一流的隧道，桥梁，铺架高等级公路和大型图示方机械化施工生产线，在全国500家最大经营规模建筑企业排序中名列第XXX位。

1999年通过ISO9002质量体系认证，获得英国UKAS证书，并取得国家对外开展经济合作业务的资格。2002年取得“铁路工程施工总承包特级”主项资质，进入全国99家特级企业行列。2003年通过GB/T28001职业安全健康管理体系和ISO14001环境管理体系认可。

公司先后被授予“全国工程建设管理先进单位”，“全国先进建筑施工企业”，“全国思想政治工作优秀企业”荣誉称号，连年被辽宁省信誉评级委员会评定为特级（AAA）信誉企业。

China Railway XXX Bureau Group Corporation is a builder comprehensively engaged in the construction for railways, highways and airports, civil engineering, water conservancy, thermalpower/ hydropower projects, mine building and equipment installations.The corporation has XXX employees among whom xxx are profeional technicians.

Well equipped with xxx large-and-medium-sized construction equipment and a world-advanced productive line in the mechanized construction for tunnels, bridges, expreways and large-scale earthworks, it poees a total capital of more than RMB xxx billion with an annual productive capacity of over RMB x billion, ranking xx among the 500 largest construction enterprises in China.

Entitled to be a superfine contractor in railway construction by the state in 2002, it was authorized as one of the 99 superfine enterprises in China.

处在世纪之交的XXX 铁路车辆（集团）有限责任公司，正在奋力实现“再现国家队雄风，再造新世纪辉煌，再为社会主义增光”的宏伟愿望，朝着“发展规模集团化，产品品种系列化，市场营销国际化，经营格局多元化，企业规模现代化”的目标迈进。公司将一如既往地坚持“信誉第一，用户至上”的宗旨，不仅以更多的高质量，高品位，高档次的新产品满足市场，而且以良好的作风，为广大用户提供一流的全过程的服务。

At the turn of the century, XXX Railway Rolling Stock(Group)Co.Ltd, is now striving hard in confidence and well on the way towards a global-market-oriented enterprise group to be well developed in management, marketing and product series.Focusing on our clients, we will continue with our credit to provide our customers with high quality and advanced products as well as our cover-all services.

天津师范大学是一所综合性的重点高等师范院校，诞生于1958年，随着共和国的成长，她也历经磨砺，走过了三十多年的风风雨雨。三十多年来，一批批德才兼备的教学，科研和管理人员汇集在这里，怀着振兴天津，振兴教育的希冀，在这块土地上默默地耕耘。春华秋实，硕果累累，两万多名教育教学人才走出学校大门，足迹遍及全国，桃李满天下。他们献身教育，殚思竭虑，为撑起教育的脊梁，托起明天的太阳。

Founded in 1958,the University has entered its fourth decade with a remarkable record of both hardship and achievements.It is now ranked as one of the key institutions of teacher training in China.In the past thirty years, hundreds of talented teachers, researchers and administrators have gathered and worked here in a continuous endeavor to meet the ever-increasing demands for educators both in Tianjin and the rest of the country.

More than 20 thousand students have graduated from the University and are now teaching nationwide.They have dedicated their wisdom and energy to the educational needs of the country in the firm conviction that future of China lies in the education of the younger generation.

国内外受众的思维共性，心理习惯，信息需求和言语表现方式等都有相当大的差异。

因此，在翻译企业推介文本时，应充分考虑译本受众的接受倾向，采取恰当的翻译策略。

文化差异与翻译

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女，48岁，身高1.58，有婚史，独居，初中文化，体健貌端，气质高雅，在某市工作，觅60岁以下（大中城市），65岁以下（海外），身高1.65以上，开朗大方，经济条件优裕的男士为伴。

S/W/M, 5‟10‟‟,165.Ibs., blonde hair, blue eyes, seeking attractive, slim lady between 28&40, who likes to go dancing and have a good time.I am social drinker.Enjoy 50‟s and 80‟s and country music, dancing, dining out, cookouts, sports.Great sense of humor but also a serious side.Please send photo and phone number.Thank you.

S/W/F, 31, 5‟6‟‟, blonde and tan! Seeking sun loving male, 26-42.Must be affectionate, honest, caring.But also can get wild and crazy! Interests: Romantic weekends, beaches, fishing, camping, cuddling, auto races, barbecues, flea markets.Loving for friendship or relationship? Enjoy summer activities? Pick up that pen and write!! Photo and phone number .

文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗，以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯。

语言，文化与翻译

如同在做心脏手术时人们不能忽略心脏以外的身体其他部分一样，我们在翻译时也不能冒险将翻译的言语内容和文化分开来处理。

------Susan Banett

To do translation, you have to be both a bilingual and a bicultural.

（1）ecological culture

（2）material culture

（3）social culture

（4）religious culture

（5）linguistic culture

ecological culture

挥金如土 ；
瑞雪兆丰年；

揠苗助长；
解甲归田；
瓜熟蒂落；

俯首甘为孺子牛 ；

黔驴技穷；
人心齐，泰山移；

不到黄河心不死，不到长城非好汉。

福如东海，寿比南山。

all at sea

burn one‟s boats

sail before the wind

keep one‟s head above water

to sink or swim

to go with the stream

to clear the decks

all at sea

plain sailing

to rest on one‟s oars

to spend money like water

How many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind.

Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day Thou art more lovely and more temperate.

力大如牛---------as strong as a horse

老黄牛--------work like a horse

狐朋狗党

狗急跳墙 狼心狗肺 狗腿子

狗嘴里吐不出象牙

lucky dog

Every dog has his day.

Love me, love my dog.

Barking dogs never bite.

2.物质文化对比

巧媳妇做不出没米的饭，叫我怎么样呢？

Even the cleverest housewife can‟t cook a meal without rice.What do you expect me to do?

I don‟t see what I am supposed to do without any capital.Even the cleverest housewife can‟t make bread without flour.

3.社会文化对比

天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了！况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了！

4.宗教文化对比

谋事在人，成事在天。

Man proposes, Heaven disposes.

Man proposes, God disposes.

周瑞家的听了笑道：“阿弥陀佛，真坑死人的事儿！等十年都未必这样巧的呢。”

Gracious Buddha!” Mrs.Zhou chuckled.“How terrible chancy! You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.”

God ble my soul!” Zhou Rui‟s wife exclaimed.“You would certainly need some patience! Why, you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times.”

5.语言文化对比

宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”

她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。

不要失了你的时了！你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来！

难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦；
不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。

文化的差异给翻译带来的困难

词汇空缺

词义冲突

联想意义不同

词汇空缺

我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。

钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。

文化空缺不仅体现在词汇层面，还体现在语言层面。

表现在：语言韵律，修辞格，句子的长短，句子结构的紧凑或松散，篇章的层次，段落的排列组合，衔接等。

嘴上无毛,说话不牢。

Downy lips make thoughtle slips.

哼! 你别看我耳朵聋---可我的心并不聋啊!

Hem! Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.

长相思

白居易

汴水流，泗水流，

流到瓜洲古渡头，

吴山点点愁。

思悠悠，

恨悠悠，

恨到归时方始休，

月明人倚楼。

Everlasting Longing Bai Juyi See the Bian River flow, And the Si River flow! By Ancient Ferry, mingling waves, they go, The Southern Hills reflect my woe. My thought stretches endlely, My grief wretches endlely, So thus my husband comes to me,

Alone on moon---lit balcony.

鲁大海：放开我，你们这群强盗！

周 萍：
把他拉下去！

鲁侍萍：这真是一群强盗！

（走到周萍面前）你是萍，„„凭---凭什么打我儿子？

Hai:

Let go of me, you hooligans!

Ping: Hustle him outside!

Ma:

You are hooligans, too! (going acro to Zhou Ping) You‟re my---mighty free with your fists! What right have you to hit my son?

词义冲突

联想意义不同

等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢！

人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！

“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。

一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅《祝福》）

语言的融合

鳄鱼的眼泪------crocodile tears

橄榄枝------olive branch

特洛伊木马------Trojan horse

酸葡萄------sour grapes

白色污染------ white pollution

语言的融合

绿色食品------green food

网上购物------on-line shopping

快餐------fast food

网址------website

民主；
科学；
逻辑；
雷达；
维他命；
超市

翻译方法

1.直译法

直译指在一定程度上保留原文的语言表现形式，但前提条件是译文必须为译语读者所理解与接受------通顺易解。

奈达：最好的翻译应该读起来不像翻译。

又要马儿好，又要马儿不吃草。

You want the horse to run fast and you don‟t let it graze.

叫一声请，一起举箸，却如风卷残云一般，遭去了一半。看那周先生时，一箸也不曾下。

At the signal to begin, they fell to with their chopsticks, like a whirlwind scattering wisps of cloud.And half the food had gone before they noticed that Chou Chin had not eaten a bite.

她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。

Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down, the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.

2.套用法

在保留原有意义的前提下，套用或借用译语表达方式来代替原语的表达。

壮得像头牛--- as strong as a horse

聪明无比 --- as wise as an owl

胆小如鼠 --- as timid as a hare

急得像热锅上的蚂蚁 --- as nervous as a cat on a hot tin roof

海底捞针 --- to look for a needle in a haystack

想是翟家这奴才，走下乡狐假虎威着实恐吓了他一场。

It‟s all the fault of this rascal Chai.He goes down to the villages like a donkey in a lion‟s hide, and he must have scared this painter fellow out of his wits.

宝玉忙道：“只是这姑娘可好，你们大爷怎么就中意了？”香菱笑道：“一则是天缘，二来是‘情人眼里出西施’。

--- What‟s the girl like? How did he come to take a fancy to her?

--- It‟s partly fate, and partly a case of “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.”

不要失了你的时了！你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来！

“Don‟t be a fool!” he roared.“Just paing one examination has turned your head completely---you‟re like a toad trying to swallow a swan!”

宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”

Bao-chai laughed.“You‟re like the famous general, „one conquest breeds appetite for another‟.I advise you to take things more gently.”

需注意：尽量避免使用译语中的具有典型民族文化特征的词语------不要给洋 人穿上长袍马褂。

as wise as Solomon 智如诸葛

to teach one‟s grandmother to suck eggs.

夫子庙前卖文章，关公面前耍大刀。

Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠，胜过一个诸葛亮。

3.直译加注法

这种方法既保留了原文的文化与语言色彩，又能为译语读者所理解。

人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！

They call jealous people “vinegar bottles”, don‟t they? Well, she‟s not just a bottle full of vinegar; she‟s a storage jar --- a whole cistern --- full of it!

一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅《祝福》）

After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.

“难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦；
不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。”

Can this be some silly maid coming here to bury flowers like Frowner?” he wondered.He was reminded of Zhuang-zi‟s story of the beautiful Xi-shi‟s ugly neighbor, whose endeavor to imitate the little frown that made Xi-shi captivating produced an effect so hideous that people ran from her in terror.The recollection of it made him smile.“This is „imitating the Frowner‟ with a vengeance,‟” he thought, “---if that is really what she is doing, not merely unoriginal, but downright disgusting!

“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。

“Ah Q, may you die sonle!” sounded the little nun‟s voice tearfully in the distance.(--- a curse intolerable to hear in China)

我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。

I was born in the Year of the Rooster.I never eat chicken.The Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.

Note: Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is born.Spring Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the Rooster.People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol.All other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good-or-bad-luck years for them.

钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。

When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things.Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu(=book lover).

意译法

由于英汉两种语言存在巨大差异，意译是不可避免的。

意译的好处是译文易懂，但失去了原文的文化与语言色彩。

Free translation is the last resort.

等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢！

Y:

“One of these days when I really lose my temper, I‟m going to give that vinegary bitch a good beating to show her who‟s master here.”

H: One of these days when I get my temper up I‟m going to lay into that jealous bitch and break every bone in her body.Then perhaps she‟ll know who‟s master round here.

宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”

Bao-chai laughed.“You‟re like the famous general, „one conquest breeds appetite for another‟.I advise you to take things more gently.”

“The more you get, the more you want!” Chuckled Pao-Chai.

天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了！况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了！

This is the first time I‟ve set eyes on such a ravishing beauty.Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn‟t take after her father, son-in-law of our Old-Ancestre, but looks more like a Jia.No wonder our Old Ancestre couldn‟t put you out of her mind and was for ever talking or thinking about you.But poor ill-fated little cousin, losing your mother so young!

人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！

They call jealous people „vinegar bottles‟, don‟t they? Well, she‟s not just a bottle full of vinegar; she‟s a storage jar --- a whole cistern --- full of it!

If other women are jealous, she‟s a hundred times.

她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。

Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down and the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.

Her beauty is beyond description.

除了我这间房,大院里还有二十多间呢。一共住着多少家子，谁说得清？住两间房的就不多，又搭上今儿个搬来，明儿个又搬走。我没那么好的记性。大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗?”透着和气。

Besides the room we occupy there are twenty more rooms in the same compound.How many families live there, only God knows.Those who occupy two rooms are very few.Besides, they are always on the go， moving in today and moving out tomorrow.I haven‟t got such a good memory as to remember all that.When people meet, they greet with each other with a Hi, just to show their good neighborly feelings.

回家的感觉真好，可以吃到妈妈亲手做的家乡菜。虽然妈妈说我回家是给她添乱，但我知道那不是心里话。其实她早就盼着我回来。如果过年时都没有见到我，她会很牵挂。家里呆的时间长了，我有时也会想念学校的生活。那里没有妈妈的唠叨，自由很多。

It’s nice when I staying at home, because I can taste my home cooking cooked by my mom.Although mom always viewed me as a trouble-maker, I know she’s just mi me too much and eagerly await me.She’ll even worry about me if I don’t come back during the spring festival.However, sometimes, I’ll expect school life as I stay in home for a long time, because of the relative freedom and disappearance of mom’s nagging.

孩

子

——梁实秋



兰姆是终身未娶的，他没有孩子，所以他有一篇《未婚者的怨言》收在他的《伊利亚随笔》里。他说孩子没有什么希奇，等于阴沟里的老鼠一样，到处都有，所以有孩子的人不必在他面前炫耀。他的话无论是怎样中肯，但在骨子里有一点酸——葡萄酸。

Lamb was single through his life , because he didn’t have children he wrote an article named Unmarried complaints which was collected in Eays of Elia .He said children aren’t a morvellous exist ,they are like gutter rats,scattering everwhere ,so ,those people who have children needn’t flaunt it .He said these words acted out from jealousy no matter how apropos his words is .



我一向all along不信孩子是未来世界的主人翁master，因为我亲见孩子到处在做现在的主人翁。孩子活动的主要范围是家庭，而现代家庭很少不是以孩子为中心的。一夫一妻不能成为家，没有孩子的家像是一株不结果实的树，总缺点什么；
必定等到小宝贝呱呱堕地，家庭的柱石才算放稳，男人开始做父亲；
女人开始做母亲，大家才算找到各自的岗位。我问过一个并非“神童”的孩子：“你妈妈是做什么的?”他说：“给我缝衣的。”“你爸爸呢?”小宝贝翻翻白眼：“爸爸是看报的!”但是他随即更正说：“是给我们挣钱的。”

I don’t believe since a long time that children will become master of the future world ,because I am seeing with my own eyes ,children are indeed a master currently .Children’s scope of activities are main in home ,most of families regards their children as apple of their eye .A husbend and a wife can’t be home ,home without children is like tree without fruits ,it seems lack of something; a home become a real home with a baby ,man start to be a father ,women begin to be a mother ,everyone stand in a right position and ddes right thing in their position .I have ever asked an ordinary kid:”what’s your mother ?”he said:”she is my tailor .””what’s your father ?”the litte baby rolled his eyes:”father is a nespaper reader!”soon ,he changed his answer and said:”he is the one make money for us.”

“文化大革命”是中国现代史上最具摧毁力的社会动荡。我妻子和我在这期间被抓进监狱，原因是我们被怀疑为外国间谍。我的家妻离子散，十六岁的女儿被送去内蒙古插队，我儿子当时年仅七岁，只能去跟着我母亲，靠她微薄的退休金生活。我们多次被不同派别的红卫兵抄家。不过，在监狱的这段时间让我对中国当时情形的了解比我一辈子学的还多，这一点值得欣慰。

在这三年中我被转了好几个监狱。我天生不安分，在狱中以帮助其他犯人为己任，我心里很清楚至少有百分之九十被关起来的人都是冤枉的，压根儿不该进监狱。我亲眼看见很多犯人自杀，有的疯了，下决心自己绝不能重蹈他们的覆辙。我决定要利用在监狱的日子尽量从其他犯人的背景、经历中吸收有用的东西，靠自己的智慧和幽默感生存下来。监狱成了人类学的一道智力题，一种让人思考的有趣的游戏。

我写这部传记如果有更深一层的目的，那就是要告诉人们，我的一生看似充满了曲折和不幸，人们也许会为此感到不平，但我的自身体验完全不是那样。人本能地追随积极向上的东西。洞穴时代的原始人还发明了游戏自娱自乐，我也是那么做的。如果这部传记值得读，值得写，最主要的目的是要证明我在“文化大革命”这样的环境中怎样主动积极地度过在监狱里的日子，权当一本“坐牢手册”吧。

《英汉实用翻译》教学大纲

课程名称：英汉实用翻译课程代码：

课程类别：专业必修课

教学时数：
３６节（每学期）／2学时每周；
总学时：７２节 学分：４学分

适用范围：中英文秘／经贸英语／英语新闻／英语教育等专业 考核方式：闭卷笔试制订日期：２００６年３月

前言

我国的改革开放、经济建设以及社会发展均需要大量高素质实用型专业人才，本着“授人以鱼，不如授人以渔”的指导思想，我国高等教育越来越重视大学生实用专业技能的培养，英汉实用翻译正是为此目的而开设的专业实用技能课程，在简单介绍英汉翻译常识和理论的基础上，本课程拟通过大量引自国际贸易文书、单证和实务中实例的翻译和译法的讨论，简略地归纳和总结一些最为常用和实用的英汉翻译技巧，然后依据所学技巧，广泛练习，与各类国际贸易实用文体的学习相结合，融会贯通，培养学生正确翻译各类实用文体的能力，以便在较短的时间里初步适应社会的要求，正确运用技巧，独立应对用人单位的英汉笔头翻译任务。

课程性质、教学目标与要求：

本课程是为我校英语系所有专业方向学生开设专业技能必修课程，开设时间以第

四、五学期为宜，可避免和减少不必要的外界冲击。教学目标是向同学们传授英汉翻译的初步思维策略和处理各类实用涉外文书翻译的基本技巧，并在此基础上，引导同学们识别和了解不同涉外文书文体特色。课程要求同学们在大量实践的基础上不断提高英汉翻译技能并增强双语的表达能力，以便本段学业完成之后能够进一步自学或深造，并能初步适应和完成可能接手的涉外文秘和英汉翻译工作。

教学内容：

第一部分、英译汉基本思维策略

１、对翻译工作者的要求

（１） 良好的英语语言和文化修养

（２） 扎实的母语语言文化基本功

（３） 跨文化意识的培养和形成

（４） 初步了解翻译的基本理论和技巧

（５） 养成良好的职业操守和工作习惯

（６） 正确有效的利用工具和传媒

２、英汉翻译理论和常识简介

（１） 翻译的定义

（２） 翻译的种类

（３） 翻译的过程

（４） 翻译的标准

（５） 涉外文书翻译的基本原则：总则和细则

文体之分，标准之异

格式、语体、措辞、行文等

第二部分、翻译的基本技巧

（１） 注意词义的精当再现

一词多义和词义的判断与选择

语境和词义的引申

如何再现源语的语体色彩

如何发挥译文语言的优势

（２） 活用及形式、视点转换技巧

合度增益与减省

词类的转换

反面着笔

语态的转译技巧

（３） 翻译基本表达手段的运用

直译法、意译法及二者之间的相互关系以及如何选择运用的问题，其他辅助性的变通和补偿手段简介

第三部分、各类涉外文书的翻译

（１）外贸信函的特点与翻译

格式问题

称呼与结尾礼辞

措辞问题

摘译问题

（２）涉外广告的特点与翻译

涉外广告标题、口号的句法与修辞特点

涉外广告标题、口号的翻译

涉外广告标题、口号的翻译中应注意的问题

广告正文的特点与翻译

广告正文翻译中存在的主要问题

商标与品名的特点及翻译

（３）涉外合同的特点与翻译

条理性

规范性

严谨性

（４）涉外文书常用词语的翻译

be interested in

appreciate

( be ) subject to

responsible for/ responsibility 与 liable for/ liability

abide by / comply with; according to / in accordance

with / in line with

against

offer, quote / quotation, bid

if, in case 及其它

shall及其它

（５）企业名称的翻译

英语公司及企业名称的汉译

汉语公司及企业名称的英译

技法小结

主导教材：刘季春《实用翻译教程》，中山大学出版社，１９９６年

辅助教材：冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，１９９５年；
张培基等，《英汉翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，１９８２年；

华先发等， 《新编大学英译汉教程》，上海外语教育出版社，２００４年

自编讲义

考核方式：闭卷笔试

平时表现与作业（３0%）；

期末考试（７0%）

学时分配计划

第一部分：１０节

第二部分：２６节 （第

一、二部分在第一学期完成） 第三部分：３６节 （第三部分在第二学期完成）

3.1.1 将单词分译成汉语的句子

1.She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking.她可以谅解地为自己高超的烹调技艺感到自豪。

她自夸她高超的烹调技艺，这是有情可原的。

2.The ancients tried unsuccefully to explain how a rainbow is formed.古人曾试图说明虹是怎样产生的，但没有成功。

3.Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of ―self-reliance.‖ 毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”的政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。

4.He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.他摇了摇头，两目睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神色。

3.1.2

将词组或短语译成汉语的句子

1.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。

2.I’m surprised to learn that he lost the game.我惊奇地获悉他在比赛中失利了。

我听说他在比赛中失利了，感到十分意外。

3.Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计师的当。

4.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。

5. Their power increased with their number.他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。

3.1.3

将分句译成句子

1.On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我谨代表所有美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待，中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。

2.He just stood there with his arms folded when he might have given me a hand.他本可以帮我一把，却偏偏只是站在那儿袖手旁观。

3.Basic education is the key area where according to a study of 30 countries by an outstanding economist the return is 30%.基础教育是一个关键领域；
据一位著名经济学家对30个国家的研究，其收益率为30%。

4.Three may keep secret if two of them are dead.若要三人保密，除非两人死去。

3.2 名词性从句的译法

4.It’s quite probable that he is gone.（他已经走了，那是很可能的。）

他很可能已经走了。

5.It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in poeion of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.> 用that,what,how等引导的宾语从句汉译时一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。

1.I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.我告诉他，由于那是最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。

2.Can you hear what I said?

你能听得到我所讲的吗？ 用 it 作假宾语的句子，汉译时 that 引导的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序；
it不译。

I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.我向他们讲清楚了的， 他们必须在上午十点前交卷。

有时译文中也可将that引起的宾语从句提前。如：

I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我被选参加会议，感到光荣。

（一）同位语从句不提前， 如：

1.He expreed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示希望再到中国来访问。

（二） 同位语从句提前， 如：

2. But I knew I couldn’t trust him.There was always the poibility that he was a political swindler. 但我知道不能轻信他。他是个政治骗子这种可能性总是存在的。

3.Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.

然而，从一开始，我仍然活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。

（三）增加“即”或用冒号、破折号分开，如：

3.But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were le than good.但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙。

Exercises: 1.It was natural that now the conversation turned to the tragic events that had taken place there a month before.2.It is clear that she has some great sorrow.3.A principle of science tells what usually happens under certain conditions.4.I took it for granted that he would sign the document.5.He is surprised to read the news in the newspaper that his father should be still alive.3.3 长句的译法

所谓切断法，就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”，按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。如：

If you reach Chicago by train and spend only an hour or two there you will feel the light wind off the lake which gives it the name ― Windy city‖.如果你乘坐火车抵达芝加哥，即使只在那里逗留一两个小时，你也会感觉到从湖边吹拂过来的阵阵清风，这就是芝加哥之所以叫做“风城”的缘故。

在遇到长句时，应首先考虑能否把此句化整为零，在采用切断法时，要注意的一个问题是适当运用汉语的关联词。

3.3.2 拆译法（分句法）

就是将英语句子中有些成分从句中拆出来另行处理，或置于句尾，以利用句子的总体安排。如：

The president said at a pre conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在一次记者招待会上， 问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众院中长期享有的优势。

And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.由于受到顽强抵抗，吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领要地的敌人甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。

第四章：
辞格的翻译 由于东西文化的不同，也造成了英汉比喻的差异。在英语中能引起美感的比喻直译到汉语中却往往平淡无奇，不知所云，甚至引起歧异和误解。

4.1.1: 保留喻体形象

喻体和喻义完全相同的英汉对应成语和谚语一般可采取直译方法，保留原喻体。

（一）保持喻义不变，喻体不变，修辞手段不变 1.The eye is the window of the heart.眼睛是心灵的窗户。

The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.It is its natural manure.自由之树须常以爱国志士和暴君的血来浇灌，这些鲜血是自由之树的天然肥料。

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.书有浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。

（二）既译出原文喻体又点出其喻义

1.Britain’s economic policy is now being pulled by the magnet of the next election.下一次大选磁铁般地牵引着英国经济政策。

2.I’ve got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.今晚我又觉得象撒哈拉沙漠那样干渴。

3.Advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back.劝导对他好象水过鸭背似的不起作用。

4.1.2：替换喻体形象

由于英汉语言存在着文化上的差异，有些比喻翻译时如保留原喻体形象不利于读者理解，而汉语中恰有相应的固定比喻，这时可用符合中国人习惯，且能引起读者同样联想，同样情感的比喻来替换。

Mr.Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster.史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。

She felt that she must not yield, she must go on leading her humdrum life.This was her punishment for having made a mistake.She had made her bed, and she must lie on it .她觉得她不能打退堂鼓，她必须继续过她那单调的生活。这是她犯了错误受到的惩罚，她要自食其果。

1.Lock the stable door after the horse is stolen.2.Throw a sprat to catch a whale.1.亡羊补牢 2.抛砖引玉

Translate the following Paragraph The flakes were falling thick and hard now, pouring past the window, a waterfall of mystery.Occasionally, one would stick to the gla, as if reluctant to tumble to its fate.Then, slowly, slipping and sliding down the gla, it would melt, its beauty fleeting.Gone.------- First Snow 4.2

矛盾修饰法（oxymoron）

矛盾修饰法是把意义上相互矛盾或不协调的两个词或词组放在一起使用，组成句子描述一个事物，表达一种思想或说明一个道理

这些词或词组从字面上看似乎自相矛盾，但仔细回味便会感到意味深长，妙趣横生。

如：a living death, a clever fool

汉语中有一种称为反映（对顶）的修辞格与英语的矛盾修饰法十分相象。如：陌生的朋友等

2.„though I cannot be said to be a flattering honest man, it must be denied but I am a plain-dealing villain„

我固然不是一个阿谀的正人君子，可是谁也不可否认我是一个正大光明的小人。

3.Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.与其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聪明的愚人。

4.It is an open secret that the doctor and the nurse are already of one mind.这位医生和护士情投意合已成为公开的秘密。

有的矛盾修辞格含有言外之意，如按字面意义直译出来会显的别扭而无法作到忠实于原文，遇到这种情况时，译时就需将原文的词义进行引申，使之通俗易懂，确切表达原意。

I despite its very vastne and power.It (New York) has the poorest millionaires, the small greatest men, the haughtiest beggars , the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.最贫穷的富翁，最矮小的伟人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美人，最低矮的摩天大楼，和最令人悲哀的欢乐。

4.2.2 有时可将矛盾修辞格中的两个词的修饰与被修饰的关系译为并列关系。

1.In the thought there was a bitter sweetne.想到这里，她是甜中带苦，苦中带甜。

2.He could almost picture God the father looking down with sad wonder at this mischief.他几乎可以想象天父上帝悲哀而惊异地俯视着这一片灾害。

1.Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkne shut you in …and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? 不知你是否有过这样的经历——在海上航行遇上了大雾，周围一片白，好象着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方„„你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事。

4.3 轭式搭配法（Zeugma）

是指用一个词与句中两个或更多的词相搭配，其中只有一个搭配是合乎逻辑的，其他的都不能构成自然搭配。

这种修辞格的特点是：生动形象，风趣幽默，言简意赅，感染力强。

4.3.2 转换法

当轭式搭配是由一个介词和两个宾语组成，翻译时将其中一个介词短语译作状语，另一个译作谓语。

1.He left in a huff and a taxi.他怒冲冲地乘出租车离开了。

2.She went home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.她泪如泉涌地坐着轿子回家了。

3.The general lost the town and his head.

那位将军因为失了城池而被斩首。

4.Mrs.Smith got out of bed and humor.

史密斯夫人郁郁寡欢地起了床。

4.3.3

分译法

如果是由一个动词和两个以上的宾语组成，译时将这一个动词与宾语分别搭配，并将动词的词义做适当引申，以适合与其搭配的宾语。

1.He lost the game and his temper.他输了这一局，大发脾气。

2.Mr.White swallowed bread and butter and a spasm of emotion.怀特先生吞下了奶油面包，忍住了一阵激动。

3. Tom took his hat and his leave.汤姆拿起帽子，告辞离去。

4.She was dreed in a maid’s cap , a pinafore, and a bright smile.她戴着女仆帽子，扎着围裙，脸上露出欢悦的微笑。

5.She lost her heart and necklace at a ball.在一次舞会上，她倾心爱上了一个人，但却丢失了她的项链。

4.4

拟声的翻译 （Onomatopoeia ) Onomatopoeia 是指模仿事物或动作声音而构成的词语。它是一种重要的构词法，也是一种重要的修辞手段，如运用恰当，可以加深印象，增强气势，提高文字对动态的描绘和音乐效果。

（二）在译文中改变拟声词在句中的功能

英语的拟声词大多是作动词和名词， 而现代汉语的拟声词大都是当作动词和名词的修饰语用，直接作动词和名词的情况较少。因此在翻译时往往在其后面加上一定的动词或名词， 而把其译成修饰语，即副词或形容词。

1.All was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano.除了远处一架钢琴的叮当叮当声外，万籁俱寂。

2.The car started with rheumatic wheezing.汽车发出风湿病人似的呼哧呼哧声开动了。

3.Jack rattled the ice in his gla, round and round.杰克来回哗啦啦地搅着杯子里的冰块。

4.The dishes crashed to the floor.盘子碟子哗啦哗啦地落在地上打碎了。

5.Tracers started from three sides, right past my windows, these big pink streaks, zing,zing,zing.曳光弹从三面向我射来，正好经过我的窗口，一道道巨大的粉红色曳光弹发出嗖„„嗖„„嗖的声音。

4.4.2 翻译时增加或减去拟声词

一、原文中没有拟声词，但为了增强表达效果，在译文语言习惯允许的情况下，译文中可以增加适当的拟声词。

1.Besides, I dreamt of nothing all last night but of fighting, and I thought the blood ran out of my nose as liquor out of a tap.而且昨天夜里我做了一夜的梦，梦的全是打仗。我觉得血从我鼻子里咕嘟咕嘟地往外淌，就象拔开塞子的酒桶似的。

2.That old man was sucking vigorously at a pipe.那老头正在叭达叭达地抽着一个烟袋。

3.The tears she could not hold back fell on his face.她那抑制不住的眼泪扑碌碌地落在他的脸上。

4.The logs were burning briskly in the fire.木柴在火中哔哔剥剥地烧得正旺。

5.Tom fell asleep almost immediately.汤姆几乎倒头就呼呼睡了。

6.The kids are crying loudly.

孩子们在哇哇大哭。

（二） 原文中有拟声词，译文中减去拟声词 英译汉时，原文中的拟声词并不是在任何情况下都必须在译文中加以机械地复制。拟声词的运用必须有利、有节。

1.They heard the roar of cannons as the enemy’s ship approached.敌舰逼近时，他们听到了加农炮的轰击声。

2.After a neigh the poor horse fell down on the ground and could not stand up any longer.那匹可怜的马长嘶一声，就跌倒在地，再也站不起来了。

3.The train puffed towards Tokyo from Sendai.火车从仙台开向东京。

4.There came a murmur of conversation from the next room.隔壁房间传来一阵轻轻的谈话声。

5.The squeaking of the radio was disturbing everybody.收音机的声音在扰乱大家。

The cock in the yard crowed its first round.院子里的公鸡已经叫头遍了。

所谓习语，是指经过人们长期使用沿袭而提炼出来的形式简洁、意义精辟的定型词组或短语。就广义而言，习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语、俚语、格言等。

一、英汉习语比较

从形和义的角度来看，英汉习语的异同大体表现在以下四个方面：

A.英汉习语形义全同, 这类习语为数少，例如：
Barking dogs do not bite.吠犬不咬人。

Who is contented, enjoys.知足者常乐。

Misfortunes never come singly.祸不单行。

It is harder to change human nature than to change rivers and mountains.江山易改，本性难移。

Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子。

B.习语形义基本相同, 这类习语比上面一类在数量上要多些，例如：
to take a load off one"s mind 如释重负 to run in the same groove; to cut from the same cloth.如出一辙

to make a beast of oneself 形同禽兽

He that hath been bitten by a serpent is afraid of a rope.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳。

Shallow streams make most din.水深不响， 水响不深。

Money makes the mare go.有钱能使鬼推磨。

C.英汉习语形似义异,这类习语相当多，例如：
When a dog is drowning every one offers him drink.救了落水狗，反咬你一口（强调好心得不到好报）

狗若落水人人救（强调人人伸出援之手。) Ignorance of the law is no excuse of breaking it. 不知者无罪（强调网开一面） 法盲犯法不可恕，（强调严格执行法律。) Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁(着重"抓紧行动") (强调“抓住时机”) D.英汉习语形异义似, 例如：

A word spoken is past recalling. 一言既出，驷马难追。

Great boast, small roast.干打雷， 不下雨。

Take not a musket to kill a butterfly. 杀鸡焉用宰牛刀。

to hit someone below the belt/to stab someone in the back 暗箭伤人

as weak as water 弱不禁风

E.英汉习语形义完全不同，例如：

cast one"s bread upon the waters 不期望报答所作之事

keep the wolf from the door 免于饥饿，勉强度日 make one"s blood freeze 令人恐惧

have bats in the belfry 头脑有点古怪

see the sun 活着

5.1.1 普通成语的翻译 直译法是翻译普通成语的一个主要方法，它有利于保留原文成语的比喻形象、民族特色和语言风格。

1.Her mind as she always said, was on something not so practical –castles in the air, really.她头脑里整天想的，正如她常说的，不是很实际的东西——实在是空中楼阁。

2.He is pouring oil in the flame.他在火上浇油。

5.1.2

含有典故成语的翻译 5.1.3 意译法

1.You’d better pull up your socks next term.下学期你最好加把油。

2.All you’re doing is to beat the air.Try to be practical! 你们所做的一切都是白费力气，还是实际点儿吧！

3.The teenagers don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.同伴们不邀请鲍勃参加他们的宴会， 因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。

4.Don’t try to flog a dead horse.I’ve told you that you cannot go to Paris, and that is the end of the matter.不要试做无用的事，我已告诉你，你不能去巴黎，这就是事情的结果。

Bury one’s head in the sand To be full of beans Don’t count your chicken until they are hatched.Try to translate the following idioms 1.To take French leave 2.At one’s fingertips

3.To have a hand like a foot 4.As mute as a fish 5.To return good for evil 6.To shut one’s eyes against 7.To talk black into white 8.To face the music 9.Plain sailing 10.Laugh and grow fat 11.A leap in the dark 12.To show one’s colours

13.to make a noise in the world

2：比喻惨重的失败

3：皮洛士的失败，得不偿失

4：悬在达摩克里斯头上的剑，随时都在威胁着 5：象约伯一样穷

6：
为百合花上色，费力不讨好。

*皮洛士(Pyrrhus)是古希腊伊庇鲁斯国王，曾率兵至意大利与罗马交战，付出惨重代价，打败罗马军队，由此即以“皮洛士式的胜利”一词来借喻惨重的代价。

在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。

*在《圣经》中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。

5.2 谚语的翻译

谚语是流传于民间的、形式相对稳定的、简洁而生动的语句，它总结了人民大众生活和工作的经验，具有诲人和劝解的功能。

5.2.2

意译法

1.He was left high and dry.

2.Beggars cannot be choosers.他处在进退两难的境地。

做不了主，得随人家。

3.Many dogs soon eat up a horse.人多好办事

4.She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do whatever she likes.她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。

5.I’m too old a dog that can’t learn new tricks.我太老了， 在也 学不进什么新鲜玩意儿了。

5.2.4 汉语谚语套用法

汉语中有些谚语和英语中的谚语具有对应的关系， 可借来一用。

1.Let’s put all the cards on the table.让我们打开天窗说亮话吧。

2.Can the leopard change his spots.江山易改，本性难易。

3.You can take a horse to the water but can’t make it drink.老牛不喝水，不可强按头。

（不能强人所难） 4.Let another’s shipwreck be your sea-mark.前车之覆， 后车之鉴。

5.In the end things will mend.车到山前必有路。

6.Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人， 成事在天。

7.Diamond cut diamond.强中自有强中手。

8.In the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称大王。

9.Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。

5.3 汉语四字成语的运用

不论原文是成语与否，都可考虑译成汉语的成语。

1.They wisely keep their own counsel and did not expre their opinion too loudly.他们明哲保身， 决不大声发表言论。

2.Why do you love to find fault with someone? 你为什么总爱吹毛求疵？

3.To many Americans, China is still a faraway place —— unknown, unseen and fascinating.仍然有许多美国人觉得中国远在天涯海角，鲜为人知，令人心驰神往。

4.He received this information with the utmost calmne and unconcern.听到这话他镇定自若，无所牵挂。

5.How coldly and pitilely! 多么冷酷无情啊！ 5.4 俚语的翻译

英汉语都有委婉语，尤其见于表达有关不雅、不洁、令人生畏、令人讨厌的人或事物。如：

“死亡”

汉语：逝世、寿终、作古、谢世、归寂、坐化、牺牲、阵亡、殉职、捐躯、百年、与世长辞、崩驾、晏驾、薨、卒、不禄等等。

英语：pa away, go to one’s Maker, sleep with one’s fathers,

join the great majority, join the angels, pay the debt of nature, be with God, be asleep in the Arms of God, go to glory, go to a better world, cro over the Great Divide, sleep the final sleep, go west, breathe one’s last, take one-way ride,

lay down one’s knife and fork, hide one’s name under daisies, no Mayday,

“上厕所” 大便，小便、方便

大解、小解、解手 去1号，去洗手间，去补妆，去卫生间 英语：

pay/answer a call of nature wash one’s hands use the bathroom, relieve oneself, do a job for oneself, do one’s busine

Can I add some powder? Fix one’s face coke-stop, nature stop go to one’s private office

visit Lady Periam, visit the sand-box

“怀孕”：

Irish toothache to wear the apron high have a white swelling to be expecting a lady-in-waiting swallow a watermelon seed to be in a delicate/interesting condition in a family way eating for two a mother-to-be 汉语: 有喜、重身子、双身子、产妇

“老人”：
汉语：

年迈、年长、上了年纪、上岁数、年事已高等等 英语：

senior citizen, elderly people advanced in age, the longer living seasoned man golden age sunset years third age

“身体胖” 英语：
big gal/girl broad in the beam chubby, plump, portly To fill out full-bodied, full-figured king-sized,

on the heavy side well-rounded thickset Of claic proportions roly-poly

与汉语相比，英语委婉语不仅数量多，使用频繁，而且涉及的范围也相当广泛。

（一）、官方委婉语，如：

underutilization, human resources underdevelopment 严重的失业 negative saver 入不敷出的穷人

substandard housing, inner city 贫民区

house of correction, correctional facility 监狱

intelligence gathering 窃听

air support 空袭

circadian deregulation 伤亡

（二）、职业委婉语：人们为了提高某些行业的社会地位，常创造一些悦耳动听、冠冕堂皇的委婉语来称呼某些行业或职业， 如：
sanitary engineer meat technologist prison officer clairvoyant reader research consultant funeral director aisle manager member of the oldest profeion

（三）学校委婉语：教师为了不挫伤学生和家长的自尊心，常采用委婉语。 1.Lies 撒谎

Show difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material 2.Cheats 作弊

Needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play 3.Steals 偷窃

Needs help in learning to respect the property rights of others 4.Is a bully 恃强欺弱 Has qualities of leadership but needs help in learning to use them democratically 5.4.2 赌咒语的翻译 Damn 1.I’ll be damned if I do.我要干这事，就不是人。

2.God damn you! 混帐！ 该死的！

3.Damn it! 该死的！ 他妈的！ 4.Damn this work (rain)! 讨厌的工作 （雨）！ 5.Translation be damned! 去他妈的翻译！

bloody 1.You bloody fool! 2.He is a bloody character! 3.It’s a bloody shame.4.He’s bloody drunk.

第六章：
文学文体的翻译

要使译文适应原文的风格，必须首先了解作品所处的时代，作家本身的民族，其写作特点与创作意图等等。如：

He went away angrily.

—— 他拂袖而去。

（违反了民族风格，西方人不穿中国古代的阔袖长衫。）

风格包括时代风格，民族风格，文体风格和作家的作品风格。

They (studies) perfect nature, and are perfected by experience„ 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足。

6.3 适应原文作家的风格

在翻译时不可不先研究作者的风格问题，如果忽视了这一点，其结果是：只抓住了原文在体裁上的一些特征，而没有反映出作家的个人风格。如彭斯的诗

A Red Red Rose O, My luve’s like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June, O, My luve’s like the melodie, That’s sweetly play’d in tune.6.4 适应原文的文体风格

1936年，爱德华八世在他禅位前，向英国国民发布广播讲话：

„ But you must believe me when I tell you that I have found it impoible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duty as king as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love.But you must accord me credence when I state to you that I found it impoible to endure the heavy burden of responsibility and to consummate the fulfillment of my stewardship as king without the aistance and cooperation of the lady upon whom I have bestowed my affection. ( on the newspapers) 下列四段英语表明同一议题的四个“正式的等级”：
旧式正式英语 To some scholars, instruction emanates from lecture or laboratory; to others it radiates from within.No scholar is so well taught as he who can teach himself.学人中有受教于讲堂、实验室者，亦有教发之于内者。能自教自学，则学人中之最上矣。

Try your best to translate the following two paages: 一般非正式英语

We think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes do.But the teachers are not always to be found in school or in great laboratories.Sometimes what we learn depends upon our own powers of insight.The Answer

第七章：
短文的翻译

It’s time to plant the bulbs.But I put it off as long as poible because planting bulbs means marking space in borders which are still flowering.Pulling out all the annuals which nature has allowed to erupt in overpowering purple, orange and pink, a final cry of joy.That would almost be murder, and so I’ll wait until the first night frost anaesthetizes all the flowers with a cold, creaky crust that causes them to wither; a very gentle death.Now I wonder through my garden indecisively, trying to hold on to the last days of late summer.

附：英语外来词分析 与生活相关的：

Green food, buffet, milkshake, toast,

instant coffee,

a jar of beer, bikini,

contact lenses, shampoo, mosaic, airbus, ATV( all-terrain vehicle), sauna, suntan, Viagra.绿色食品、自助餐、奶昔、土司、速溶咖啡、扎啤、比基尼、隐形眼镜，香波、马赛克、空中客车、全地形车、

桑拿浴、

太阳浴、伟哥 与艺术、音乐有关的：

Soap opera, acid rock, big beat, jazz rock, break dance, the Spice Girls, background music,

yo-yo, hula-hoop, boomerang , bungee jumping, water ballet, game point rally, karting 肥皂剧、

迷幻摇滚乐、

摇滚舞音乐、

爵士摇滚、

霹雳舞、

辣妹组合、背景音乐、

溜溜球、呼啦圈、

飞镖、

蹦极跳、

水上芭蕾、

局点、

拉力赛、

卡丁车

有关西方道德文化价值观念的词：
Generation gap Culture gap Bachelor mother Call girls Hippies Yuppies Punk Streaking White collar Blue collar Gray collar Pink collar Iron collar Hi-tech park Videophone Laser printer 与计算机有关的词汇：
Information super-highway Data bank Dialog box Hypertext CAI(computer-aisted instruction) Cybernaut Cybersurfer Cyber mania Cyber bar Cyber culture World wide web Cyber source

Please gue the following Chinese words meaning: 1.马杀鸡 2.销品茂 3.按揭

4.普列西登特 5.葛郎玛 6.奄巴萨托 7.巴力门

8.德律风 9.德么可拉西 10.塞因斯 11.立邦（漆） 12.哀的美敦书 13.开麦拉 14.西打

力戒翻译体

Control the purse strings 控制钱包上的带子 掌握财权/支出

a lying-in hospital 允许躺下的医院

产科医院 Polite society 上流社会

Mother is the bo in her kitchen.妈妈负责做饭。

The president often considered economy in the White House kitchen.总统常常考虑如何在白宫的膳食方面进行节约。

She stood there, in silent opposition. 她伫立着,无声地表示反对。

You are your greatest enemy if you are a coward; but if you are brave, you are your greatest friend.怯懦，你就是自己最大的敌人；
勇敢，你就是自己最好的朋友。

Unle it goes hand in hand with science, democracy will there abound. 除非和科学携手并进，民主将没有什么前途。

Anyone who plays with life will achieve nothing; anyone who cannot control himself will be a slave forever.任何玩世不恭的人都必将一事无成，任何不能控制自己的人都将是奴隶。

谁玩世不恭，谁就一事无成；
谁不能主宰自己，谁就会沦为奴隶。

Smith fell down when he ran fast to meet them.史密斯跑过去迎接他们时，他摔倒了。

史密斯飞跑着迎接他们，不料摔倒了。

Tom struck another match when he approached.当汤姆挨近的时候，他又划了一根火柴。

汤姆走上前,又划了一根火柴。

The liquid had changed into solid before it flowed out of the pipe.液体在流出管子之前，已经变成了固体。

液体还没有流出管子就变成了固体。

Mary lay awake almost the whole night.玛丽躺在那儿，几乎一夜没合眼。

I know not what course other may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death.我不管别人采取什么行动，但就我而言，不自由，毋宁死。

We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.井枯方知水可贵 。

That’s a thing that might happen to anyone.这样的事可能发生在任何人身上。

这种是谁也难免。

纸箱Carton 瓦椤纸箱 Corrugated Carton

旧瓦椤纸箱 Old Corrugated Carton (O．C．C．) 木箱 Wooden Case 板条箱 Crate 木条箱 Wooden Crate

竹条箱 Bamboo Crate 胶合板箱 Plywood Case

三层夹板箱 3--Ply Plywood Case 镀锡铁皮胎木箱Tin Lined Wooden Case盒Box 木盒Wooden Box

铁盒Iron Box 塑料透明盒 Plastic Transparency Box

苯乙烯盒 Styrol Box 袋Bag(Sack)

布袋 Cloth Bag 草袋 Straw Bag

麻袋 Gunny Bag／Jute Bag 旧麻袋 Used Gunny Bag／Old Gunny Bag新麻袋 New Gunny Bag 尼龙袋 Nylon Bag

聚丙烯袋 Polypropylene Bag 聚乙烯袋 Polythene Bag

塑料袋 Poly Bag 塑料编织袋 Polywoven Bag

纤维袋 Fibre Bag 玻璃纤维袋 Gla Fibre Bag

玻璃纸袋 Callophane Bag 防潮纸袋 Moisture Proof Pager Bag

乳胶袋子Emulsion Bag 锡箔袋 Fresco Bag 特大袋 Jumbo Bag

单层完整袋子Single Sound Bag 桶 Drum

木桶 Wooden Cask 大木桶 Hogshead

小木桶 Keg 粗腰桶(琵琶桶) Barrel

胶木桶 Bakelite Drum 塑料桶 Plastic Drum

铁桶 Iron Drum 镀锌铁桶 Galvanized Iron Drum

镀锌闭口钢桶 Galvanized Mouth Closed Steel Drum

镀锌开口钢桶 Galvanized Mouth Opened Steel Drum

铝桶 Aluminum Drum 麻布包 Gunny Bale (Heian Cloth Bag)

蒲包 Mat Bale 草包 Straw Bale

紧压包 Pre Packed Bale 铝箔包 Aluminium Foil Package

铁机包 Hard-preed Bale 木机包Half-preed Bale

覃（缸）Jar 陶缸 Earthen Jar 瓷缸 Porcelain Jar

壶 Pot 铅壶 Lead Pot 铜壶Copper Pot

施 Bottle 铝瓶 Aluminum Bottle 陶瓶 Earthen Bottle

瓷瓶 Porcelain bottle 罐 Can 听 Tin 绕线筒 Bobbin

笼（篓、篮、筐）Basket 竹笼（篓、篮、筐）Bamboo Basket

柳条筐（笼、篮、筐）Wicker Basket 集装箱 Container

集装包/集装袋 Flexible Container 托盘 Pallet

件(支、把、个)Piece 架(台、套)Set(Kit)

安瓿 Amp(o)ule(药针支) 双 Pair

打 Dozen 令 Ream 匹 Bolt(Piece) 码Yard

卷（Roll(reel) 块Block 捆 Bundle 瓣 Braid

度 Degree 辆 Unit(Cart) 套（罩） Casing

包装形状 Shapes of Packing 圆形 Round 方形Square

三角形 Triangular(Delta Type) 长方形(矩形) Rectangular

菱形(斜方形) Rhombus(Diamond) 椭圆形 Oval 圆锥形 Conical圆柱形 Cylindrical 蛋形 Egg-Shaped 葫芦形 Pear-Shaped

五边形 Pentagon 六边形 Hexagon 七边形 Heptagon 八边形 Octagon

长 Long 宽 Wide 高 High 深 Deep 厚 Thick 长度 Length

宽度 Width 高度 Height 深度 Depth

厚度 Thickne 包装外表标志 Marks On Packing

下端，底部 Bottom 顶部(上部) Top(Upper)

小心 Care 勿掷 Don’t Cast

易碎 Fragile 小心轻放,小心装运 Handle With Care

起吊点(此处起吊) Heave Here 易燃物，避火 Inflammable

保持干燥，防泾 Keep Dry 防潮 keep Away from Moisture

储存阴冷处 Keep in a Cool Place 储存干燥处 Keep in a Dry Place

请勿倒置 Keep Upright 请勿倾倒 Not to Be Tipped

避冷 To be Protected from Cold 避热 To be Protected from Heat

在滚子上移动 Use Rollers 此方向上 This Side Up

由此开启 Open from This Side 爆炸品Explosive

易燃品 Inflammable 遇水燃烧品 Dangerous When Wet

有毒品 Poison 无毒品 No Poison

不可触摩 Hand off 适合海运包装 Seaworthy Packing

毛重 Gro Weight (Gr.Wt.) 净重 Net Weight (Nt.Wt)

皮重 Tare Weight 包装唛头 Packing Mark

包装容积 Packing Capacity 包袋件数 Packing Number

小心玻璃 Gla 易碎物品 Fragile

易腐货物 Perishable 液体货物 Liquid

切勿受潮 Keep Dry／Caution Against Wet 怕冷 To Be Protected from Cold

怕热 To Be Protected from Heat 怕火 Inflammable

上部，向上 Top 此端向上 This Side Up

勿用手钩 Use No Hooks 切勿投掷 No Dumping

切勿倒置 Keep Upright 切勿倾倒 No Turning Over

切勿坠落Do Not Drop／No Dropping 切勿平放 Not to Be Laid Flat

切勿压挤 Do Not Crush 勿放顶上 Do Not Stake on Top

放于凉处Keep Cool／Stow Cool 干处保管Keep in Dry Place

勿放湿处 Do Not Stow in Damp Place 甲板装运 Keep on Deck

装于舱内 Keep in Hold 勿近锅炉 Stow Away from Boiler

必须平放 Keep Flat/Stow Level 怕光 Keep in Dark Place

怕压 Not to Be Stow Below Other Cargo 由此吊起 Lift Here

挂绳位置 Sling Here 重心 Centre of Balance

着力点Point of Strength 用滚子搬运 Use Rollers

此处打开 Opon Here 暗室开启 Open in Dark Room

先开顶部 Romove Top First 怕火，易燃物 Inflammable

氧化物 Oxidizing Material 腐蚀品 Corrosive

压缩气体compreed Gas 易燃压缩气体Inflammable compreed Gas

毒品 Poison 爆炸物 Explosive

危险品 Hazardous Article 放射性物质Material Radioactive

立菱形 Upright Diamond 菱形 Diamond Phombus

双菱形 Double Diamond 内十字菱形 Gro in Diamond

四等分菱形 Divided Diamond 突角菱形Diamond with Projecting Ends

斜井形 Projecting Diamond 内直线菱形 Line in Diamond

内三线突角菱形 Three Line in Projecting Diamond 三菱形 Three Diamond

附耳菱形 Diamond with Looped Ends 正方形 Square Box

长方形 Rectangle 梯形 Echelon Formation

平行四边形 Parallelogram 井筒形 Intersecting Parallels

五边形 Pentagon 六边形 Hexagon

长六边形 Long Hexagon 圆形 Circle/Round

二等分圆 Bisected Circle 双环形 Croed Circle

双圆形 Double Circle 双带圆形 Zoned Circle

长圆形 Long Circle 椭圆形 Oval

双缺圆形 Double Indented Circle 圆内三角形 Triangle in Circle

三角形 Triangle 六角星形 Hexangular Star

二重三角形 Double Triangle 对顶三角形 Hourgra Touching Triangle

内外三角形 Three Triangle 十字形 Cro

圆内十字形 Cro in Circle 山角形 Angle

义架形 Crotch 直线 Line

月牙形 Crescent 心形 Heart

星形 Star 包装情况 Packing Condition

散装 In Bulk 块装 In Block

条装 In Spear 片装 In Slice

捆(扎)装 In Bundle 裸装 In Nude

裸散装 Bare in Loose 木托架立装 Straightly Stand on Wooden Shelf

传统包装 Traditional Packing 中性包装 Neutral Packing

水密Water Tight 气密 Air Tight

不透水包 Water Proof Packing 不透气包 Air Proof Packing

薄膜 Film Membrane 透明纸 Transparent Paper

牛皮纸 Kraft Paper 地沥青牛皮纸Bituminous Kraft Paper

腊纸 Waxpaper 厚板纸 Cardboard Paper

蒲、苇 Bulrush mat 防水纸 Water Proof Paper

保丽龙（泡沫塑料）Poly Foam(SnowBox) 竹条Bamboo Batten

竹篾 Bamboo Skin 狭木条Batten

铜丝 Bra Wire 铁丝 Iron Wire

铁条 Iron Rod 扣箍 Buckle

外捆麻绳Bound with Rope Externally

外裹蒲包,加捆铁皮Bale？Matted Iron-band-strapped Outside

块装外加塑料袋Block Covered with Poly Bag

每件外套一塑料袋 Each Piece Wrapped in a Poly Bag

机器榨包不带包皮Pre Packed Bale without Wrapper

机器榨包以铁皮捆扎 Pre Packed in Iron Hooped Bale

用牢固的纸箱装运 Packed in Strong Carton

适合于长途海洋运输 Suitable for Long Distance Ocean Transportation

适合出口海运包装 Packed in Seaworthy Carton for Export

全幅卷筒 Full with Rolled on Tube

每卷用素包聚乙烯袋装 Each Roll in Plain Poly Bag

混色混码 With Aorted Colours Sizes

每隔--码烫有边印With Selvedge Stamped Internally at Every--Yards

用…隔开 Portioned with 纸屑 Paper Scrap 纸条 Paper Slip

纸带 Paper Tape 纸层 Paper Wool 泡沫塑料 Foamed Plastics

泡沫橡胶Foamed Rubber

帆布袋内充水 Canvas Bag Filled with Water

包内衬薄纸 Lined with Thin Paper

内衬锡箔袋 Lined with Frescobag

内置充气氧塑料袋 Inner Poly Bag Filled with Oxygen

内衬牛皮纸 Lined with Kraft Paper

内衬防潮纸、牛皮纸 Lined with Moist Proof Paper &Kraft Paper

铝箔包装 In Aluminium Foil Packing

木箱内衬铝箔纸Lined with Aluminium Foil in the Wooden Case

双层布袋外层上浆 Double Cloth Bag with Outer Bag Starched

外置木箱 Covered with Wooded Case

外绕铁皮 Bound with Iron Bands Externally

胶木盖Bakelite Cover

外绕铁丝二道 Bound with Two Bands 0f Metal Wires Outside

标签上标有：Labels Were Marked with

纸箱上标有Cartons Were Marked with

包装合格 Proper Packing

包装完整 Packing Intact

包装完好 Packing Sound

正规出口包装 Regular Packing for Export

表面状况良好 Apparently in Good Order& Condition

包装不妥 Improper Packing

包装不固 Insufficiently Packed

包装不良 Negligent Packing

包装残旧玷污 Packing Stained &Old

箱遭水渍 Cartons Wet &Stained

外包装受水湿 With Outer Packing Wet

包装形状改变 Shape of Packing Distorted

铁皮失落 Iron Straps Off 钉上 Nailed on

尺寸不符 Off Size 袋子撕破 Bags Torn 箱板破 Case Plank Broken

单层牛皮纸袋内衬塑编布包装，25公斤／包 Packed in Single Kraft Paper Bag Laminated with PE Wovenbag 25Kgs Net Eash

三层牛皮纸袋内加一层塑料袋装，25公斤／包 Packed in 3-ply Kraft Paper Bags with PE Liner,25Kgs/bag

牛皮纸袋内压聚乙烯膜包装，25公斤／包 Packed in Kraft Paper Iaminated with Polyethylene Film of 25Kgs Net Each

两端加纸条 With a Paper Band at Both Ends

木箱装，***以螺栓固定于箱底，箱装完整 Packed in Woodencase,the***was(were)Mounted with Bolts on the Bottom of the Case.Packing Intact.

木箱装，箱装箱装运，箱装完好Packed in Woodencases with Container Shipment.Packing Sound.塑料编织集装袋装，内衬塑料薄膜袋，集装箱装运，每箱20袋

Packed in Plastic Woven Flexible Container,Lined with Plastic Film Bags,Shipped in Container,20Bags for Each.

铁桶装，每桶净重190公斤。

Packed in Iron Drums and Each Drum Net 190kgs

木箱包装,内装2卷。每卷用塑料薄膜牛皮纸包裹，箱外铁带捆扎。

Packed in Wooden Case with 2 Reels Inside and Each Reel Was Wrapped with Poly-Membrane and Kraf Paper.It was Bound with Iron Belts Externally.

木箱包装，内装5卷，每卷用塑料薄膜及中性纸包裹，箱外铁带捆扎。

Packed in Wooden Case with 5 Reels Inside and Every Reel was Wrapped with Poly-Membrane and Neutral Paper.The Cases were Bound with Ironbelts Externally.

筒装,纸箱装,箱外三道纺织袋捆扎,包装完好.Rolled on Tube and Packed with Carton.Bounded with Three Woven Belts Extermally.Packing Sound.

木托架包装,用纤维板、塑料薄膜及瓦愣纸皮包裹，外用铁带捆扎，再用铁带固定于集装箱内 Straightly Stand on Wooden Pallet and Wrapped with Fibre Borad,Plastic Membrane &Kraft Paper

Board Bound with iron Belts Externally and Then Mounted in the Container with Iron Belt.

布包包装，包装完好Packed in Gunny Bales.Packing Sound 塑料纺织袋装，包装完好。Packed in P.P.Wovenbags Packing Sound.木箱装，箱装完整 Packed in Wooden Case.Packing Intact纸箱装，箱装完好 Packed in Cartons Packing Sound

托盘纸箱装，箱内衬一层塑料薄膜，包装完好 Packed in Cartons on Pallet and Lined with Single Polymembrane Inside.Packing Sound．

双层纸箱装，外扎四道塑料腰带，内裹牛皮纸，包装完好。

Packed imply Cartons,Lined with Kraft Paper and Bound with Four Plastic Belts Externally.Packing Sound.

原产加厚聚乙烯袋装，每袋净重25公斤，集装箱运 2Skgs Net Originally Manufactured Heavy Duty Polyethylene Bag.Shipped in Container.

托盘装,包装良好。Packed on Pallets,Packing Sound.

卷筒装，包装良好。Rolled on Tubes。Packing Sound．

编织包包装，包装完好． Packed in wovenbales．Packing Sound.

木箱包装，6．0mm×430mm规格中，除1箱装3卷外，其余为8卷装，695mm×300mm规格为6卷装，箱内用塑料薄膜包裹，每卷再用塑料薄膜包裹

Packed in Wooden Case,for Specification 6.0mm×430mm,except One Case Packed with Three Reels.All were Packed with Eight Reels Respectively;for Specification 6.5mm×300mm, Every Case was Packed with Six Reels.The inner Reels were Wrapped with a Poly-mumbrane and Each Reel was wrapped with a Poly-membrane Again.

双层纸箱装，外扎四道塑料腰带，内裹牛皮纸，包装完好。

Packed in 2 Ply Cartons,Lined with Kraft Paper and Bound with Four Plastic Belts Externally Packing Sound.

麻袋装，包装完好。Packed in Gunny Bales Packing Sound.

集装箱装运，箱号***,集装箱外观完整，箱号清晰，封识完好。货物纸箱包装，包装完好。Shipped with Container No.*** with Intact Appearance,Clear Number And Sound Sealing.The Goods Were Packed in Cartons and Packing Sound.

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Theory：
Translation Proce 1.The comprehension

1) Nida: translation proce consists in analysis, translating, re-constituting and checking.2) to read the text carefully and have a correct understanding 3) to understand word meaning 4) to seek help from dictionary 5) to attend to the role of logic 6) to know the role of context

汉英短语比较：

1、汉词英译法：

翻译词，基本任务是词义的对应转换，形式问题是第二位的任务。

对应，又称“直译法。”但必须受一词多义和惯用法等机制的调节。

如：佳期wedding day， 佳人 beautiful woman， 佳节joyful festival，

佳句well-turned phrase， 佳音good news， 佳肴dainty food

2阐释， 主要是难以取得双语对应契合时，义恰如其分的铺衍方式加以解释，常见的是文化隔膜形成的对应障碍。

如：城楼tower over a city gate 民工irregular laborer working on a public project/ migrant worker

留用人员personnel kept on after reshuffle 民乐 traditional instrumental music 井底之蛙 a frog sitting at the bottom of a dried well/ person with very narrow outlook 夜郎自大 be blinded by presumptuous self-conceit 空城计 undefended city, a stratagem of putting up a bluff

3引申，

由一般的、泛指词义到具体的、特指词义的引申

如：时令

season 太平间 mortuary 清茶 green tea/ tea served without refreshments

轻生 commit suicide

体魄健壮的男孩an athletic boy 由具体的、特指词义到一般的、泛指词义的引申。

如：连珠 in rapid succeion

文盲 illiteracy

十二万分地（感激）extremely 慢镜头slow motion 微笑外交并非在五湖四海都奏效。Smile diplomacy, then, is working, but not everywhere. 我们客栈热诚欢迎来自五湖四海的朋友！Our hotel welcomes friends from all over the world!

4转换：词类转换，句中肯、否定式 的转换， 例：

人生琐事 the little nothings of life

等闲视之 think nothing of 家常便饭 make nothing of

请来吃顿家常便饭。come along and take potluck

在北京，堵车是家常便饭。Be in Beijing, blocking a car up is common occurrence.

5.淡化（虚化）

“闹名利”译为：be out for fame and gain

[键入文字]

“咬耳朵”whisper in sb.’s ear

“洗耳恭听” listen with attentive ears

6.融合：紧缩语义的代偿手段

如：大小 size，长短length，轻重 weight 始终all along 好歹: what is good and what’s bad 事有曲直：right and wrong 例1别理他，这人不知好歹。

Don"t listen to him – he doesn"t know right from wrong.例2万一她有个好歹，请立刻打电话给我。

If something should happen to her, please ring me up at once.例3 Don"t cook us anything more.We"ll have whatever there is.

7.替代

目不识丁 not know one’s ABC

天字第一号A1 裙带风nepotism

中药三七pseudo-ginseng（西洋参）

金不换 precious( be more valuable than gold)

8.音译：

商标：百事可乐PepsiCola；

万事达Master

9.注释( exegesis)：

最常用的是音译加注（汉语范畴词category word） disco迪斯科舞

hamburg汉堡包

Benz奔驰车

The Times《泰晤士报》

春秋战国Spring and Autumn Period and the Period of Warring States， 铁观音 Iron Guanyin tea

Toursim 名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers 名胜古迹 scenic spots and historical sites 湖光山色 landscape of lakes and hills 青山绿水 green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石 strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations 鱼米之乡 a land of milk and honey 世外桃源 a haven of peace Belts of parkland line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawn and trees break the regularity of the city buildings.

该地区三面与公园带相连，四大开阔的广场有草坪有树木，打破了城市建筑的规律性。

城区三面绿地环绕，四大广场草坪开阔，碧草绿树掩映，打破了城区建筑的单一布局。

[键入文字]

Eating 吃喜酒 attend the wedding banquet 吃药 take medicine （下棋）吃掉一个子 take a piece 吃掉敌人一个团 annihilate an enemy regiment 连吃败仗 suffer one defeat after another 推上吃了一枪 get shot in the leg 吃闭门羹 be denied entrance at the door ; be refused admiion as an unwelcome guest be left out in the cold 吃醋 be jealous 吃官司 be sued / involve in a legal action 吃耳光 get a slap in the face 吃回扣 get commiion 这种纸不吃墨水。

This kind of paper doesn’t absorb ink.茄子很吃油。

Eggplant calls for a lot of oil in cooking.我可不吃这一套。

I won’t take all this lying down.

他不务正业，专吃白食。

He does not do any honest work and lives off others.你这老一套现在可吃不开了。

Your old way of doing things won’t work now.

这件事你如果说出去，我叫你吃不了兜着走。

If you let this leak out, I’ll make you sorry for it.走这么多的路，恐怕你吃不消。

It may be too much for you to walk such a long way.吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。

Only those who endure the most become the highest.再重的卡车，这座桥也吃得住。This bridge can bear the weight of the heaviest lorry.你别想吃她豆腐。Don’t try to flirt with her.

他要请我们吃馆子。

He is going to invite us out to dinner.你要先考虑清楚，免得吃后悔药。Think it over before you go so that you won’t regret it later.形势吃紧。

The situation was critical.他那坚强的毅力使人吃惊。

His will power is amazing.他工作努力，能吃苦。

He was hard-working and unafraid of hardships.他跑得不快，踢足球吃亏。

He can’t run fast and that puts him at a disadvantage as a footballer.我跑了一天路，感到吃力。

After a long day’s journey, I left exhausted.

只要技术好，到哪儿都吃得开。

A person who has expertise is welcome anywhere.吃一堑，长一智。

A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.

汉译英短文翻译

近年来，中国城市化进人加速阶段，取得了极大的成就，同时也出现了种种错综复杂的问题。今天的城乡建设速度之快、规模之大、耗资之巨、涉及面之广、尺度之大等已远非生产力低下时期所能及，建筑已成为一种重大的经济活动。（102字） 难点注释：

1）城市化urbanization

2）加速阶段an accelerating phase

3）错综复杂的问题some complicated problems

4）远非?一所能及surpa

5）重大的经济活动a major economic pursuit

世界各地有3,600万人染上了艾滋病—这比整个澳大利亚的人口还多。目前，艾滋病是全球第4大死因，而在非洲则是头号罪魁。在非洲，艾滋病使工人丧失工作，使家庭丧失经济来源，使父母丧失孩子。在7个非洲国家中，巧岁至49岁的人口中艾滋病病毒感染者占到20％以上。（119字） 难点注释：

1）染上艾滋病suffer from AIDS

2）头号罪魁the chief culprit

3）使„„丧失deprive of 4）艾滋病病毒感染者people infected with HIV

当今中国，对传真机的使用已十分普及，并成为现代重要的通讯终端设备。据一项调查显示，2002年，中国市场对传真机的需求量约为200万台，国内产量仅满足了约30%的需求，进口机占据市场的主导地位。（89字） 难点注释：

1）传真机fax machines

2）通讯终端设备telecommunications terminal equipment

3）占主导地位dominate

2000年，美国数码相机的销量达到惊人的510万台，而1999年只有310万台。数码相机的流行其原因非常简单：成像质量好且花费少。此外，使用数码相机还能省去不少麻烦。你不用买胶卷，所有的照片都被存在可反复使用的存储卡上。一按快门，就可以马上在液晶显示屏上观察照片的效果。（124字） 难点注释：

1）数码相机digital camera

2）可反复使用的存储卡reusable memo叮cards

3）按快门pre the shutter

4）液晶显示屏the LCD screen

由于历史、政治和经济上的原因，全世界讲英语、用英语的人为数最多。但是英语之所以能在全球流行，除了上述原因之外，也和英语自身的一些特性和特点不无相关。其中最重要的一点就是英语特别容易接受和适应—英语中的词汇吸收了全世界几乎所有主要语言的材料。（113字） 难点注释：

1）流行popularity

2)自身特性和特点qualities and characteristics in itself

3）不无相关have to do with 4）容易接受和适应receptive and adaptable

5）吸收take into

多年来，家长和老师都曾得到过这样一种信息：尽量利用任何机会表扬孩子，对他们所干的任何事情都要说好—据说这样做有助于提高孩子的自尊。但是近年来许多教育家和儿童心理学家正在得出一种完全相反的结论，他们认为对孩子往往少一些赞扬为好。（113字） 难点注释：

1）得到信息get the meage

2）尽量利用任何at almost any opportunity

3）自尊self-esteem

4）儿童心理学家child psychologist

5）得出完全相反的结论drawing a completely different conclusion

会议期间，有3个问题受到了特别重视，它们是：加强和巩固农业在国民经济中的地位和作用，提高农民收人；
调整和改进产业结构，改进和加快区域性经济发展；
努力工作，加快下岗工人就业和再就业步伐，改善社会保障制度。（100字） 难点注释：

1）受到特别重视be highlighted for special attention

2）加强和巩固consolidate and strengthen

3）调整和改进readjust and optimize

4）区域性经济regional economies

5）下岗工人laid-off workers

当今世界的竞争是人才的竞争。因此，党中央决定从海外我们的留学生中，从香港、澳门、台湾吸收和利用人才来加强我们在世界上的竞争能力。引进这些人才的重点是那些开放程度越来越大、竞争越来越激烈的部门，比如说银行、保险等行业，以及国有大型企业的管理层。（120字）难点注释：

1）人才talented profeionals.

2）海外留学生overseas students

3）吸收和利用人才absorb and make use of

4）引进人才introduce talented people from outside

5）银行、保险业banking，insurance industry

6）国有大型企业large state-owned enterprise

我们中国是世界上最大的国家之一，它的领土和整个欧洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上，有广大的肥田沃地给我们以衣食之源；
有纵横全国的大小山脉，生长了广大的森林，贮藏了丰富的矿产；
有很多的江河湖泽，给我们以舟揖和灌溉之利；
有很长的海岸线，给我们以交通海外各民族的方便。（136字） 难点注释：

1）广大的肥田沃地large areas of fertile land

2)给我们以衣食之源provide us with food and clothing

3）纵横全国的大小山脉mountain ranges acro its len妙and breadth

4）广大的森林，丰富的矿产with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits

5）给我们以舟揖和灌溉之利provide us with water transport and irrigation

6）交通海外各民族的方便facilitate communication with nations beyond the seas

温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人的智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族团体所作的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。温哥华则是加拿大最大的多民族城市。现今的180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是本地出生的，而平均每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。（120字） 难点注释：

1）温哥华Vancouver

2）多民族团体multi-ethnic groups

3）智慧和勤奋的结晶a crystallization of the wisdom and diligence，此处可根据上下文进行转换调整：the prosperity is attributed to the wisdom and diligence of the people

4）地广人稀a vast，under-populated country

5）不是本地出生的not born locally

人体是由各种类型的细胞构成的，这些细胞多达50万亿，它们之间相互联系，相互依赖。如果丧失其中的某些细胞，比如说失去构成整条腿的细胞，将会严重影响其余所有肌体组织；
而像心脏或肾脏之类的器官，哪怕相对较少的细胞受到严重损害，也可能会最终导致所有50万亿细胞的死亡。（128字） 难点注释：

1）万亿trillion

2）相互联系，相互依赖interrelated and interdependent

3）影响其余的所有肌体组织handic即all the rest of the organism

4）最终导致end by...，lead to...

l2

不同的篇章、体裁在直译与意译的趋向程度上往往有所不同。一般来说，文献类和新闻报道的翻译多采用直译，因为翻译这类文献关键在于译文的准确性；
而对诗歌散文、戏剧电影、小说传记等以情动人的作品，翻译时应多采用意译，以充分再现原文的意境情趣。（115字）

难点注释：

1）直译与意译literal translation and free translation

2）不同程度地to some extent

3）多采用be preferable to（something）

4）文献literatures，documents

5）关键在于the crux lies in

6）以情动人的作品emotional works

7）原文的意境情趣the right mood and flavor of the original works

从20世纪中叶到21世纪中叶的一百年间，中国人民的一切奋斗，则是为了实现祖国的富强、人民的富裕和民族的伟大复兴。这个历史伟业，我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了五十年，取得了巨大的进展，再经过五十年的奋斗，也必将胜利完成。（105字） 难点注释：

1）20世纪中叶the mid-20th century

2）奋斗endeavor

3）民族的伟大复兴the nation immensely rejuvenated

4）历史伟业historic cause

中国的体育运动经历了几千年的发展，但直到1949年中华人民共和国成立后才成为国家的事业。目前，一个全国范围的体育运动网已经建立起来，这方面的开支也被列人国家预算之中。在过去的五十年中，由于体育工作者和体育运动员的共同努力，我国的体育运动取得了可喜的成绩。（123字） 难点注释：

1）经历undergo

2）国家的事业an undertaking of the state

3）体育运动网network for physical culture

4）列人国家预算 include in the state budget

5）可喜的成绩gratifying achievement

展望新世纪初的国内外形势，未来五到十年，是我国经济和社会发展极为重要的时期。世界新科技革命迅猛发展，经济全球化趋势增强，许多周边国家正在加快发展。所有这些既对我们提出了严峻挑战，也为我们提供了迎头赶上、实现跨越式发展的历史性机遇。（127字）

难点注释：

1）极为重要的时期an extremely important period

2）全球化趋势the economic globalization trend

3）周边国家neighboring countries 4）严峻挑战severe challenge

5）跨越式发展development by leaps and bounds

森林给人提供木材，还能调节气候、保持水土、防风固沙、改善水质、防烟防尘、消毒杀菌、减少噪声、美化环境、维持及改善生态平衡。如果没有绿色植物不断制造氧气和吸收有害的气体，人类就无法生存。人们的健康与空气的优劣有关，而空气的优劣又与森林的多少有关。（122字） 难点注释：

1）调节气候regulate climate

2）保持水土conserve water and soil

3）防风固沙wall off wind，fix sands

4）消毒杀菌sterilize（purify）the air

5）生态平衡ecological balance

许多树木都能吸收空气中的有害物质和致癌物质。林区空气中的细菌数量只有无林区的百分之一，而百货商店内每立方米空气中则含有四百多万个细菌。绿化区可以使噪音减弱四分之一左右。森林上空和附近的空气的含水量比无林地区多百分之十至二十。（112字） 难点注释：

1）致癌物质cancer-causing substances

2）每立方米per cubic meter

3）含水量moisture content

到2020年，全世界癌症的发病率有可能增加50个百分点，每年可能将出现1500万新病例。世界健康组织全球癌症报告指出，如果不采取积极的预防措施，这样的趋势将无法避免。因为这是从已经形成的生活习惯—例如抽烟—滋生出来的。（101字） 难点注释：

1） 癌症的发病率cancer rate

2）世界健康组织The World Health Organization

3）无法避免inevitable

生物学家发现，每年有10万多只信天翁被渔船杀死。如果不采取紧急措施，几十年之后，大部分的信天翁种类都会灭绝。信天翁有极强的耐力和航海能力，能够绕地球飞行几圈而不着陆。它们一生的行程约有一千多万英里，相当于往返地球与月球之间50次。（112字） 难点注释：

1）信天翁albatro

2）紧急措施urgent action

3）灭绝extinguish，be wiped out

4）耐力endurance

据研究人员统计，接下来的几十年，欧洲人口将持续减少。目前欧盟国家的妇女平均生1.5个孩子，而为了保持人口替代率，每个妇女至少要生两个孩子。即便从现在开始妇女增加生育数量，人口减少的趋势仍将持续几十年，因为他们的下一代中愿意成为父母的人比这一代的要少。（122字） 难点注释：

1）持续减少continue to decline

2）替代率replacement rate

3）人口减少的趋势the tendency to population decline

答案

In recent years，urbanization in China has stepped into an accelerating phase.Amidst magnificent achievements，there have emerged some complicated problems.The crux is that the cities and the countryside are developing at such a rapid rate，on such a large scale，with such enormous capital，in such a vast extent that they have surpaed any historical period China has ever witneed before.Virtually，building construction has today become a major economic pursuit in China.

Throughout the world 36 million people are suffering from AIDS，which is more than the whole population of Australia.At present，AIDS is the fourth leading cause of death in the whole world，and the chief culprit in Africa.In Africa，it deprives jobs of the workers，families of incomings and children of their parents.In seven African countries，more than 20 percent of the 15-to-49-year-old population is infected with HIV.

In today"s China，fax machines have been widely used as a popular and important modern telecommunications terminal equipment.According to a study，in 2002，China needed about 2 million fax machines，but the country only satisfied about 30% of the demand with the market dominated by the imported ones.

Digital cameras sold an astonishing 5．1 million throughout the US in 2000，up from 3．1 million in 1999.These cameras are getting popular for a good and simple reason：they take better pictures for le money.Digital cameras have always offered convenience.You don"t have to buy films because all your images are saved on reusable memory cards.Pre the shutter and you can review your shot immediately on the LCD screen.

The English language is spoken or read by the largest number of people in the world for historical，political，and economic reasons.But it may also be true that the popularity of English language has much to do with some qualities and characteristics in itself.First and most important is its extraordinarily receptivity and adaptability-it has taken materials into its own vocabulary from almost all major languages in the world.

For years，parents and teachers got the meage that children should be praised at almost any opportunity，that saying“good job”for everything they do，as they believe，helps raise their self-esteem.But many educators and child psychologists are drawing a completely different conclusion：le praise is often better for their children.

During the meeting，three aspects have been highlighted for special attention over next.They are：consolidate and strengthen the fundamental role of agriculture in the national economy and increase farmers" income；
readjust and optimize the industrial structure for the promotion of coordinated development of regional economies；
work hard to boost employment and the reemployment of laid-off workers，and improve the social security network．

In today"s world，competition among states is mainly a competition among talented profeionals.Therefore，it is a decision adopted by the CPC Central committee to fully absorb and make use of the talented people among our overseas students and among the profeionals in Hong Kong，Macao and Taiwan.This will help us strengthen our competitive edge.The departments that would introduce talented people from outside are those that are exposed to increasingly fierce competition and that are open wider to the outsider world，such as banking，insurance industry，large state-owned enterprises，etc.

China is one of the largest countries in the world，her territory being about the size of the whole of Europe.In the vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing，mountain ranges acro its length and breadth with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits，many rivers and lakes which provide us with water transport and irrigation，and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas.

Vancouver"s prosperity is attributed to the wisdom and diligence of the people living in Vancouver，including the contribution made by multi-ethnic groups.Canada is a vast，under-populated country with a land area larger than that of China and a population of le than 30 million and Vancouver is the largest multi-ethnic city in the country.Among its 1．8 million residents，half were not born locally and there is on an average one Asian out of four residents.

A man body is composed of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types，all interrelated and interdependent.Lo of some of those cells，such as those making up an entire leg，will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism，and serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ，such as the heart or kidneys，may end by killing all 50 trillion.

Different discourses or styles tend to focus on different strees so，to some extent，need different translating ways.Generally speaking，literal translation is preferable to free translation in translating literatures，for the crux of these literatures lies in accuracy.On the other hand，free translation is more suitable than literal translation in translating some emotional works such as poetry，prose，drama，film，novels，autobiography，etc．，so as to reproduce the right mood and flavor of the original works.

All endeavors by the Chinese people for the 100 years from the mid-20th to the mid-21st century are for the purpose of making our motherland strong，the people prosperous and the nation immensely rejuvenated.Our Party has led the entire Chinese people in carrying forward this historic cause for 50 years and made tremendous progre，and it will succefully attain the objective through hard work in the coming 50 years.

China"s sports have undergone several thousand years of development.But they were not regarded as an undertaking of the state until 1949，when the People"s Republic of China was founded.Now a nation-wide network for physical culture has been set up and expenditure on this field has been included in the state budget.With the concerted efforts of sports workers and athletes，gratifying achievements have been made in physical culture and sports in the past 50 years.

Looking ahead at the situation at home and abroad at the beginning of the 21st century，it can be said that the next five to ten years will be an extremely important period for China"s economic and social development.The worldwide new scientific and technological revolution is progreing rapidly with great momentum.The economic globalization trend is gaining strength.Many neighboring countries are accelerating their development.All this serves as a severe challenge as well as a historic opportunity for us to strive to catch up and achieve development by leaps and bounds.

Apart from providing people with timber，forests help regulate climate，conserve water and soil，wall off wind，fix sands，improve water quality，keep away smoke and dust，sterilize（purify）the air，reduce noise，beautify surroundings，maintain and improve ecological balance.Man would not be able to exist without green plants producing oxygen and absorbing harmful gases all the time.Man"s health is closely related to the quality of the air，which in turn is decided by the size（extent）of forests.

Many kinds of trees can absorb poisonous and cancer-causing substances in the air.The amount of bacteria in a forest area makes up but 1％of that in a deforested area，while the air in a department store contains more than 4 million bacteria per cubic meter.A tree-covered area may reduce noise by a quarter.Moisture content in the air above or around a forest is 10%-20% more than that of the places devoid of forest.

Cancer rates worldwide could increase by 50 percent by 2020，reaching 15 million new cases a year.The World Health Organization"s World Cancer Report says that if no preventive measures are taken increases of this order are inevitable because they stem from habits-such as smoking-that are already established.

Biologists have discovered that fishing fleets are eliminating more than 100, 000 albatroes every year.In a couple of decades most species will be wiped out unle urgent action is taken.Albatroes are capable of astonishing feats of endurance and navigation，and can fly round the world several times without stopping on land.During their lives，they fly more than 10 million miles，the equivalent of 50 return trips to the moon.

According to researchers" estimate，Europe"s population will continue to decline for decades.At present 1 ．5 babies are born for every European Union woman，when two births are required for the population“replacement rate”to be maintained.Even if women started to have more children again，the tendency to population decline would continue for decades，as there will be fewer parents in the next generation than in this one.

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