初中英语语法教案模板.doc2022
第7单元 介词
(一)表示时间的介词
1. at表示时间点,at six o\\"clock, at noon;
on表示特定日子,如on Children\\"s Day;
in表示一段时间,in the morning.
『例』She\\"ll be back in an hour.
He came back after a month.in “+”一段时间与动词将来时连用,表示过一段时间之后;
after“+”一段时间用于过去时,指一段时间后。
2.During表示期间的某个时期
『例』It rained several times during the night. for表示多长时间
『例』It has rained for two hours. through表示整个期间
『例』It rained all through the night.
3.till, by, before, after表示时间期限或先后 『例』I\\"ll be here till seven. I\\"ll be home by six.
I\\"ll be here before seven. 4.from, since表示时间起点
『例』They have lived here since 1985. I haven\\"t seen her from then on.
(二)at, in, on, under, behind, by, near, between可表示场所,
into, out of, along.acro, through可表示方向,
with, in, by, like, from可表示手段、材料等 『例』She is sitting by the window.
Sam got out of the lift and ran quickly to the man. We smell with our noses.
(三)介词与动词搭配如:look at, arrive in/at etc. 介词与形容词搭配如:be interested in, be kind to, etc. 介词与名词搭配如:at least, by the way
注意几组介词的区别:on, above, over与below,under, among与between, acro与through, about与on
1.on的同义词是above, over, above是指斜上方,over指正上方,其反义词是below, under; below是指位置低于某物或在某物的下方,但不一定在某物正下方,其反义词是above;
under是指在某物的正下方有垂直在下的意思,其反义词是over。
2.among是指三个或三个以上之间,between是指两者之间。
3.acro与through都有“穿过”之意,都可指从一定范围的一边到另一边,acro的含义与on有关,表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的;
through与in有关,表示动作是在某一物体的空间里进行的。
音标:
[ɔi] 发这个音的字母和字母组合oi oy oi: oil coin oy: boy toy [au] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ou ow ou: house mouse mouth trousers ow: flower how now down 语法:数词
(表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;
表示顺序的数词叫序数词。)
一、基数词
基数词写法和读法
二、序数词
序数词的缩写形式:
first 第一 1st second 第二 2nd third 第三 3rd fourth 第四 4th fifth 第五 5th sixth 第六 6th seventh 第七 7th eighth 第八 ninth 第九 tenth 第十
twentieth 第二十 thirty-first—31st 基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:
a.与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;
b.在一些表示\\\"一排\\\"或\\\"一组\\\"的词组里;
如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。
c.表示\\\"几十岁\\\";
d.表示\\\"年代\\\",用 in +the +数词复数;
e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里,
如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.规律:
1)从1-12分别由从one到twelve12个各不相同的词表示。
2)从13-19均以后缀-teen结尾。
13,thirteen, 15 fifteen,18,eighteen要特殊来记。
3)从20-90的整十数词均以后缀-ty结尾。表示“几十几”时,个位和十位之间需加连字符,如twenty-one, thirty-two, forty-three等。
4)数字的写法和读法:
⑴十位与个位之间要加连字符“-”;
⑵百位和十位之间要加and;
⑶三位数以上的数,从个位往前数,每三位数加一个逗号“,”,从后往前数的第一个逗号代表thousand,第二个逗号代表million,第三个逗号是billion,注意这几个词不能用复数形式,后也不能加and。
5)表示具体、准确的数目时,hundred, thousand, million等后不能加-s, 如five hundred, six thousand, seven million等。
6)当hundred, thousand等数词与of连用,表示不具体、不准确的数目时,词尾须加-s。如:thousands of students, millions of trees.三:数词的用法
1.表示事物的编号:如:the ninth part=part nine 第九部分 the Fourth Leon = Leon Four 第四课
the sixth paragraph= paragraph six 第六段
2.表示年月日:
“年”用基数词,“日用序数词”。
例如:1949年10月1日—写法:Oct..1, 1949.
读做:
Oct.(the ) first, nineteen forty-nine. 2009年3月28日—写法:March 27, 2009.
读作:
March, (the) twenty-seventh, two thousand and nine. 3.用数词表示分数,分子用基数词,分母用序数词;
如果分子大于1,分母要用 复数。1/2: one-second 3/4 three-fourths, 2/5 two-fifths. 4.表示“加减乘除”:
15+2=? How much is fifteen plus two? 8-7=? How much is eight minus seven? 12×12=?How much is twelve times twelve? 81÷9=? How much is
eighty-one divided by nine? 5.“基数词-名词-形容词”结构
“基数词-名词-形容词”只能用来放到名词前作定语。如:
She is a 3-year-old girl.
They live in a 7-store-high building.
注:这种结构中名词不能用复数,同时只能作定语。用作表语时,不用连字符,名词有复数。
Tony is 10 years old this year.Tony is a 10-year-old boy.6.表示某人“几十岁”,用基数词的复数形式。如:in one’s thirties 三十多岁 7.表示“几个半” 英语中表达“几个半”有两种方法:“数词+and+ a half+名词(复数)”和“数 词+名词(复数)+and a half . 7.表示倍数
once, twice, three times 练习:
Dick, it is the ________ time in ________ days that you’ve made the same mistake.
A.two,three B.second,three C.two,third D.second,third
It is said that the gravity(引力) on the Mars (火星)is only about __________ of the gravity on the earth. A.three-eighths B.third-eighth C.three-eights D.third-eight
hundred,thousand,million,billion等单位数词
-How many people will come to Beijing next year? -It’s hard to say, ________ people, I think. A.million of C.three millions B.millions of D.three millions of
这是他第四次帮我摆脱困境。
This is his ______time to help me out of trouble
初中英语教案之语法:句子成分
主语:是一个句子所叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首,但在there be 结构疑问句和初中语法倒装句中,主语位于谓语助动词后面。
谓语:说明主语所做的词作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般做在主语之后。
表语:用以说明主语的身份,特征和状态。它一般位于系动词之后。
宾语:表示动作的对象和承受者,一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子。说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
时间状语:How about meeting again at six? 原因状语:Last night she didn\\"t go to the dance party because of the rain.条件状语:I shall go there if it doesn\\"t rain.地点状语:Mr.Smith lives on the third floor.方式状语:He has greatly improved his spoken English by his means.伴随状语:He came in with a dictionary in her hand.目的状语:I went there to see a friend of mine.结果状语:He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.程度状语:They were greatly moved to hear the hero\\"s story.
第2单元
代词
(一)人称代词
1、主格作主语,当两个以上人称代词并用时,单数顺序为第二,第三,第一人称;
复数为第一,第二,第三人称。
『例』
有表示承认过失或有不好的意思时,单数按第一,第三,第二人称排列;
复数按第三,第二,第一人称排列。
『例』 It was I and Tom that broke the windo
注意:it用法较灵活,可指天气、季节、时间、明暗、距离、状况、形式主语及形式宾语等。
2、宾格用在及物动词或介词后面作宾语
『例』
3、形容词性物主代词只能作定语,后面要跟名词,名词性物主代词单独使用,作主语、表语或宾语。
『例』His school is not so large as
Their team is stronger than ours.
(二)指示代词
1、that, those指前面提到过的名词,但不可用
『例』
2、打电话时用
『例』This is Bruce speaking, who is that?
3、刚才提到的事情,在英文中用that
『例』He was ill yesterday.I’m sorry to hear that.
4、this,these指在方位上较近的人或物 that,those指在方位上较远的人或物
有关词组及应用
『例』This is my shirt, that’s yours.
『例』These TVs are made in China, those are made in Japan.
(三)反身代词:主要用于加强语气 单数myself yourself himself herself itself 复数ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代词有以下常见搭配
enjoy oneself = have a good time by oneself = alone help oneself to…
learn sth.by oneself = teach oneself sth. help yourselves to… 『例』:
(四)不定代词:不是指明代替特定名词(或形容词)的代词
如:all, each, every, both, either, neither none, one, little, few, many, much,other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every 等构成的合成代词
1、it与one的区别 『例』
I have a nice watch.Would you like to
2、every与each 的区别
every+单数名词,表示“每一个”,强调共性、整体,只作定语,形式上为单数.不与of 连用; each 表示“每一个”, 强调个性,作定语主语、宾语和同位语,常与of 连用。
『例』Every one of us is fond of English. (全体) Every child likes playing games.(全体) We each have a bike.(个别
Each of them has a nice skirt.(个别
3、everyone, no one与
everyone,no one,只能指人,不能指物,不能和of短语连用,every one,none,既可指人,也可指物,可与of短语连用。
『例』
None of you watched carefully enough.
4、another 与other的区别
Another:泛指三个或三个以上中的另一个 『例』
I don’t want this coat.Please show me another.other:后面接名词,泛指别的、其他的 『例』 Do you have any other questions? the other:
1.特指两个中的另一个
『例』He has two sons.One is a worker, the other is a doctor.2.修饰名词,特指另一个、另一些
『例』Tom likes swimming, and the other boys in his cla like swimming, too.Others:泛指其他的人或物
『例』1)He often helps others.
2)Some are playing basketball, others are playing football.the others:特指确定范围内剩下的全部人或物
『例』1) There are fifty students in our cla.
2) Twenty of them are girls, the others are boys.one...the other… :
一个…,另一个…,表示两个当中另一个 『例』
『例』I have two daughters, one is married and the other is a college student.
5、some一般用于肯定句中,any用于疑问句,否定句和条件句中,但有些问句表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复时,仍用some,any还可表示“任何的”意思。
some用于肯定句中的情况
『例』There are some flowers in front of the house. any用于疑问句和否定句中的情况 『例』Do you have any picture-books? She is younger than any other student in her cla.注意:some有时也可用于表示请求、征求意见的疑问句中
『例』1) Would you like some meat? 你想要些肉吗?
2) May I ask some questions? 我可以问问题吗? 3) Could I have some apples? 我可以吃苹果吗?
4) Why didn\\"t you buy some bananas? 为什么你不买些香蕉呢?
6、both表示两者都,而all表示三者或三者以上,both和all用于助动词之后,实义动词之前:
『例』My parents are both teachers.=Both of my parents are teachers.
Both Jim and Tom are students.
We are all from Canada.= All of us are from Canada.
7、either(两者任一) 与neither (两者无一), either of, neither of后谓语动词常用单数形式
either “两者中任何一个”,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数 『例』There are trees on either side of the street.= There are trees on both sides of the street.
neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数
『例』Neither answer is right.
-Are the two answers correct?
-
8、any(三者以上任一) 与none (三者以上无一),相当于
『例』 As we were asleep, none of us heard the sound.
9、many, few, a few修饰可数名词
much,little,a little修饰不可数名词 a few与a little表示肯定 few与little表示否定
『例』
Hurry up, there is little
They went on with their work after a little rest.
(五)物主代词:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的关系 1.形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词
注意:名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系是单数还是复数。
『例』1) These books aren\\"t ours.Ours are new.(our books = ours)
2) This is not our room.Ours is over there.(our room = ours) 2.“of +名词性物主代词”表示所属
『例』Tom is a friend of mine 汤姆是我的一个朋友
高三英语语法教案:冠词
分类说明
英语中冠词虽然不多,但考试中总是少不了。从近五年的高考试题来看,每年都有一道关于冠词的单选题。因此,同学们在复习中不可忽视它。
冠词分为定冠词,不定冠词及零冠词三种。
不定冠词有a,an两种形式。a用丁以辅音音素开头或有以辅音音素开头的单词作修饰语的名词之前;
而an用于以元音音素开头的名词或有以元音音素开头的修旆语之前。特别值得注意的是,这里指的是元音音素或辅音音素而不是元音字母或辅音字母。如:one-eyed camel,European friend,university student,useful animal等前面要用不定冠词a;
而hour,honest boy,X-ray等前面需要用不定冠词an。
近几年来,主要考察一些冠词的基本用法。
可数名词单数表泛指时,其前面需用不定冠词;
表示某一类别时,可数名词前面需用不定冠词;
表示数量为“一”时,可数名词前面用不定冠词;
表示“每一”概念时,可数名词前面也需用不定冠词;
一些固定短语前需用不定冠词。
名词表特指某一个或某一类时,前面用定冠词;
世界上独一无二的事物前面用定冠词;
重复前面已出现过的名词前面用定冠词;
形容词最高级、序数词前面用定冠词;
在江河、湖泊、山脉、岛屿、建筑物前面用定冠词;
在一些习惯用语中用定冠词。
名词前要有指示代词、疑问代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格修饰时,用零冠词;
名词的复数形式表示类别时,前面用零冠词;
专有名词前一般用零冠词;
职衔、职称名词前面一般用零冠词;
节假日、球类、三餐等名词前面一般用零冠词;
一些习惯用语中名词前面用零冠词。
特别要注意:
(1)用定冠词与不定冠词的区别,如:the second student(第二个学生)--a second student(又一个学生);
the most interesting book(最有趣的书)--a most interesting book
(一本非常有趣的书);
the world(世界)--a better world(一个更好的世界);
play the piano(弹钢琴)一buy a piano(买一台钢琴)。
(2)用零冠词与不定冠词的区别,如:Mr Li(李先生)--a Mr Li(一个自称姓李的先生);
have lunch(吃中餐)--have a rich lunch(吃一顿丰盛的中餐);
wind(风)一a strong wind(一阵大风);
play basketball(打篮球)--buy a basketball(买一个篮球);
New York(纽约)一a New York in China(在中国的纽约);
have words with sb(与某人争吵)--have a word with sb(与某人谈话);
help(帮助)/succe(成功)/experience(经验)--a help(帮手)/a succe(成功的人或事)/an experience(一次经历)。
(3)用零冠词与定冠词的区别,如:Shanghai(上海)--the Shanghai you see today(你
今天所见的上海);
history(历史)--the history of Qing Dynasty(清朝历史);
in bed(躺
在床上)--on the bed(在床上);
in hospital(住院)--in the hospital(在医院);
in front of(在……前面)--in the front of(在……前部);
at most=at the most(至多);
at least= at the least(至少)。
因此,在掌握了冠词的基本用法的基础上,一定要根据具体情况及语境来确定答案。
回放真题
真题l(2004甘肃、青海卷35)
--John,there is ________Mr Wilson on the phone for you.
--I’m in bath.
A.a;
the B.the;
a C.a;
不填 D.the;
不填
【答案及解析】A不定冠词修饰人名时,表示初次提到一个人,或者说话者认为没有必要或不想具体说明是哪一个。根据谈话的内容,所说的bath(澡堂,浴室)显然是说话双方都知道的,故前面须加定冠词,因此答案选A。
真题2(2004重庆卷32)
The most important thing about cotton in history is ________part that it played in ________Industrial Revolution.
A.不填;
不填 B.the;
不填 C.the;
the D.a;
the
【答案及解析】C part意指作用。特指工业革命时期所起的作用应加the,由普通名词构成的专有名词前用the。因此c为正确答案。
真题3(2004广东卷28)
While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope.Newton made discover which completely changed ________man’s understanding of colour.
A.a;
不填 B.a;
the C.不填;
the D.the;
a
【答案及解析】A根据句子的意思,牛顿的一次发现,是泛指,应用不定冠词;
而人类的观念,不是某一个人,故在man前不能用冠词,答案选A。
真题4(2004福建卷23)
It’s ________world of wonders,________world where anything can happen.
A.a;
the B.a;
a C.the;
a D.不填;
不填
【答案及解析】B 世界上独一无二的事物前一般用定冠词,但当此名词带有定语修饰时,前面应用不定冠词,故答案选B。
真题5(2004湖北卷23)
There was ________time ________I hated to go to schoo1. A.a;
that B.a;
when C.the;
that D.the:when
【答案及解析】 B 根据句子的意思,并没有明确表明某一段时间,因此,这是泛指一段时间,从而排除C、D;
而从句的主、谓、宾等齐全,从而可知,a time在从句中作状语,故答案选B。
真题6(2004辽宁卷31)
When you finish reading the book,you will have better understanding 0f A.a;
the B.the;
a C.不填;
the D.a:不填
【答案及解析】 D表示对某东西有所了解时,习惯在understanding前加不定冠词;
而life泛指生活时,前面不用任何冠词,故答案选D。
真题7(2004浙江卷22)
The Wilsons live in ________A-shaped house near the coast.It is ________17th century cottage.
A.the;
/ B.an;
the C./;
the D.an:a
【答案及解析】D 根据house、cottage,两个空都必须填冠词,从而排除A、C;
第二空后的17th century只表示房子的年代特征,而不表示具体的顺序. 真题8(2004江苏卷27)
Tom owns _______ larger collection of ______books than any other student in our A.the;
不填 B.a;
不填 C.a;
the D.不填:the
【答案及解析】 B 第一空填不定冠词,a collection of是常用结构,意为:……的收集品。a+抽象名词+of,这样的短语还有:a knowledge of,a waste of,a variety of.a number of,a way of等。第二空后的名词泛指书籍,因此不用冠词。
真题9(全国[河南、河北、山东、福建]24)
When you come here for your holiday next time,don’t go to hotel:I can find you ________bed in my flat.
A.the;
a B.the;
不填 C.a;
the D.a;
不填
【答案及解析】 A 本题考查冠词用法。find sb.a bed为固定短语,意为为某人安排床铺;
前面go to the hotel或go to a hotel都可以。用排除法可得出答案选A。
真题10(2004四川卷31)
If you buy more than ten,they knock 20 pence off ________.
A.a price B.price C.the price D.prices
【答案及解析】C the price表特指买10个物品所要的价钱,故要加定冠词the。
真题11(2004天津卷24)
When he left _______college,he got a job as ______reporter in a newspaper office. A.不填;
a B.不填;
the C.a;
the D.the;
the
【答案及解析】A当“college,school,hospital”等名词表示一种状态时,前面不能用冠词修饰;
而reporter表示泛指某种身份时,前面加不定冠词。故答案选A。
真题12(2004北京卷32)
________on—going division between English—speaking Canadians and French。Speaking Canadians is ________major concern of the country.
A.The:不填 B.The;
a C.An;
the D.An;
不填
【答案及解析】B冠词的考查。从后面的介词短语可看出,前者特指目前说英语的加拿大人与说法语的加拿大人之间的分歧;
后者泛指一件全国关心之事,故选B。
真题13(2004湖南卷26)
For a long time they walked without saying ________word.Jim was the first to break ________silence.
A.the:a B.a;
the C.a;
不填 D.the;
不填
【答案及解析】B第一空填不定冠词,表示泛指,意思是“一句话”;
第二空填定冠词,特指前面“没有说一句话而形成的沉默”。
真题14(北京春季卷28)
On ________news today,there were _______reports of heavy snow in that area.
A.the:the B.the;
不填 C.不填;
不填 D.不填;
the
【答案及解析】B因news后有today修饰,特指“今天的新闻”,故用the;
第二空泛指某方面的报道,并非特指,reports为复数,故其前不用冠词。
真题15(2004上海春季卷28) .
As a rule。domestic servants doing odd jobs are paid_________.
A.by the hour B.by hour C.by all hour D.by hours
【答案及解析】B by为介词,意为“以……为标准或单位,以……计”。主要有两种表达方式:by +the+度量名词,如:by the day,by the yard;
by+范畴名词.如:by time,by weight,by length。
真题16(2003全国卷26)
The sign reads “In case of ________fire,break the gla and push ________red button.” A.不填:a B.不填;
the C.the;
the D.a;
a
【答案及解析】 B fire是物质名词,其前可用零冠词或定冠词。泛指时用零冠词,特指时用定冠词。前一个空表泛指,因而用零冠词;
后一个空要填定冠词,特指那个红色的按钮。译文:标志上写着“如果发生火灾,打碎玻璃并按下红色按钮”。
真题17(2003上海卷25)
I earn 10 dollars ________hour as ________supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
A.a;
an B.the;
a C.an;
a D.an;
the
【答案及解析】C hour以元音开头,前面加不定冠词an,an hour每小时;
。表示“一个”,放在supermarket cashier前面表示类指,说明人的身份。译文:星期六我做超市出纳员每小时挣10美元。a/an的用法规则:以元音音素开头的单词前用an,以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。
真题18(2003北京春季卷24)
There’s ________dictionary on ________desk by your side.
A.a;
the B.a;
a C.the;
a D.the:the
【答案及解析】 A desk后有by your side修饰表特定的,故前面要用the;
there be后的名词常用非特定形式,故用a。
真题19(2003安徽春季卷23) --Where is my blue shirt?
--It’s in the washing machine.You have to wear ________different one.
A.any B.the C.a D.0ther
【答案及解析】 C题意只是简单地表示“需另一件衣服”,由于不知“我”共有几件衣服,排除B;
other前无the,后需用复数名词,排除D;
any强调“任意一个”,排除A。
真题20(2003上海春季卷23)
An accident happened at _______croroads a few metres away from _______bank.
A.a;
a B.不填;
a C.不填;
the D.the:不填
【答案及解析】 A at a croroads表示“十字路L1”,croroads是复数形式单数用法;
bank是可数名词,不能单独使用,前要加冠词或用复数。此处是泛指.前面要用不定冠词a。
真题21(2002全国卷26) 。
Jumping out of _______airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________exciting experience.
A.不填;
the B.不填;
an C.an;
all D.the, the
【答案及解析】C airplane和experience都是可数名词,表示泛指,前要加不定冠词。译文:从一万英尺高的飞机里跳出来是一次令人激动的经历。
真题22(2002上海卷21)
One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain ________good knowledge of basic word formation.
A./ B.the C.a D.one
【答案及解析】C a knowledge of sth为固定短语,意思为:对某事物有一点了解。knowledge是不可数名词,当被某些修饰语修饰时,前面要加不定冠词,如:He has a very good knowledge of English.他在英语方面有丰富的知识。
其题23(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷26)
I don’t like talking on ________telephone;
J prefer writing letters.
A.a;
the B.the;
不填 C.the;
the D.a;
不填
【答案及解析】B从第一空可排除A和D,因为本题意思是:“我”不喜欢在电话上(即通过电话)谈话。on the telephone通过电话,on a telephone是指在一部电话上,类似的还有-\\\"on the radio,on the internet,on Tv等。后一个空应是泛指,不用the也不用a(因为是复数)。
真题24(2002上海春季卷22)
The cakes are delicious.He’d like to have ________third one because ________second one is rather too small.
A.a:a B.the;
the C.a;
the D.the;
a
【答案及解析】 C注意序数词前面的冠词的用法:当序数词表示顺序时用定冠词the;
表示再一次时使用不定冠词a(an)。从句子的意思可知,a third one表示再吃一个;
the second one表示所吃的第二个。译文:蛋糕很好吃。他想再吃一个,因为第二个太小了。
真题25(2001全国卷29)
The warmth of _______sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ________wool used.
A.the;
the B.the;
不填 c.不填;
the D.不填;
不填
【答案及解析】 B a/an/the+可数名词单数表示类别或直接用可数名词复数表示类别(通常指物),所以sweater前用定冠词表示类别限定;
the sort of wool = the wool。
真题26(2001上海卷21)
A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg.
A.a B.one C.the D.his
【答案及解析】 C伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bite/beat/pat/take +sb+介词+the+部位。译文:子弹击中了战士,他的腿受了伤。
真题27(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷10)
Mr Smith,there’s a man at ________front door who says he has ________news for you of great importance.
A.the;
不填 B.the;
the C.不填;
不填 D.不填;
the
【答案及解析】 A第一空是特指;
news为不可数的抽象名词,不加冠词。
真题28(2000全国卷10)
Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind unle they kill them for food.
A.the;
a B.不填;
a C.the;
the D.不填:the
【答案及解析】B表示“某种……”时常用词组a/this/that/those +kind(s)of+名词,亦可用名词复数+0f+…kind(s),两个animals都是表泛指的名词复数,故都不带冠词。of a kind同一类的;
of a different kind另一类的,都属固定结构。译文:大部分的动物中,一个种群与其他种群之间是没有什么联系的,除非是捕杀它们作为食物。
真题29(2000京、皖春季卷8)
Summers in ________south of France ale for ________most part dry and sunny.
A.不填;
a B.the;
不填 C.不填;
不填 D.the;
the
【答案及解析】D “法国南部”和“大部分地区”都是特指,所以要用定冠词the。
真题30 (2005 北京卷)It is often said that ___________ teachers have ________ very easy life .答案:
B 第一空指老师,表类指。表类指有三种形式。如:A horse is a useful animal .因此,该空不填冠词。Have / lead / live a --- life 意思为“过着„„的生活”。
真题31 (2005湖南卷) I can’t remember when exactly the Robinson left _______ city .I only remember it was _______ Monday .答案:D 第一空应用the , 表特指;
第二空用a , 表泛指,意思为“某一个星期一。”
真题32 (2005安徽卷) After dinner he gave Mr.Richardson ________ ride to ________ Capital Airport .答案 :B 首先“Capital Airport”是专有名词,加定冠词the ,其次“带某人一程,送某人一程 ”是give sb.a ride 是习惯用法。
真题33 (2005辽宁卷) This book tells ________ life story of John Smith , who left _______ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.答案:C 第一空填the 特指John Smith 的人生经历;
第二空不填是因为“leave school , go to school ,after school”这是固定搭配不需要冠词意思是“毕业,上学,放学”。
高中英语语法教案[整理] http://www.dawendou.com 中小学英语
名词
(一)概述
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词,可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是:
学英语 ,请看生活英语简易读物,长知识,学英语 人的名字 Li Ming, Tom 资料:世界著名大学(Universities & Colleges)大全 地方名称 China, London 资料:世界学校(K12 Schools)大全 职业称呼 teacher, doctor 少女护肤(Skin Care) 网上最好的几篇文章,白皙清纯,青春无限 物品名称 pencil, dictionary 行为名称 study, invention 抽象概念 history, grammar (二)普通名词和专有名词 1.普通名词
凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词,都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型:
1)个体名词
个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物,例如:
He has two aunts.他有两个姑姑。
Most clarooms have computers.多数教室里都有电脑。
也可指抽象东西,例如:
We’ve lived here for twenty years.我们在这里住了二十年了。
I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。
个体名词有复数形式,如:weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用,如:a week, a problem, an old man.2)集体名词
集体名词表示由个体组成的集体,下面是一些常见的集体名词:
family(家,家庭) army(军队) company(公司;
全体船员) enemy(敌人) government(政府) group(小组,团体) public(公众) team(队;
组) police(警方) 作单数看待 作复数看待 His family isn\\"t large.他家人不多。
The government is planning to build a dam here.政府打算在这里建一座水坝。
The public was unlikely to support it.公众支持它的可能性不大。
His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。
The government are discuing the plan.政府在讨论这个计划。
The public were deceived by the newspaper.公众受到报纸的蒙骗。
集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待。一般说来,视为整体时作单数看待,想到它的成员时作复数看待:
例如:
有的集体名词通常用作单数,例如:
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.我们公司将派他去柏林工作。
有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如:
The police are looking for him.警察正在找他。
3)物质名词
物质名词指无法分为个体的东西,我们学过的常见的物质名词有:
beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。
一般说来,物质名词是不可数折,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:
a.有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”,“一杯”:
Tree beers, please.请来三杯啤酒。
A chocolate ice-cream for me.给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。
b.有此物质名词可作可数名词,表示“一种”:
It was a special tea which tasted of orange blooms.这是一种特别的茶,有桔子花叶。
It was a delicious wine.那是一种美味的红酒。
c.个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义:
It was now the time of the spring rains.现在是春天雨季的时候。
Here are the snows of last year.这是去看的积雪。
d.抽象名词
抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念,一般不可数,因此没有复形,前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有:
age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happine, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。
在多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。例如:
safety first! 安全第一! It’s wonderful weather.天气好极了。
但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.例如:
I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。
There’s a beauty in simplicity.朴实之中有一种美。
2.专有名词
专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如:
1)人名:Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua 2)地名:Beijing, West Lake 3)某类人的名称:Americans, Ruians 4)某些抽象事物的名称:English, Chinese 5)月份、周日及节日名称:May, Saturday, Easter 6)书名、电影及诗歌的名称:Cone with the Wind 7)对家人等的称呼:Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
(三)可数名词和不可数名词
名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式,不可数名词一般没有复数形式。
单数 复数 a country a cla a sheep a tomato countries claes sheep tomatoes 普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的,所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用,复数则要使用其复数形式。例如:
普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的,这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰,也不存在复数形式,如ice (冰),water (水), rice (稻子)等。
在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词,又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同,它们的意思往往也不大相同,对这些名词要特别注意。
例如
作不可数名词 作可数名词 gla 玻璃 paper 纸张 time 时间
work 消息 玻璃杯;
镜子;
眼镜 报纸;
文件;
考卷 次数;
时代 单词;
话语
一般说来,汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词,而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词,对这些名词也要特别注意,发如:fun ,work ,advice ,weather ,homework ,news ,money ,information ,bread ,hair ),chalk ,furniture 等。
(四)可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es,现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下:
情况 构成方法 例词 读音 一般情况 在词尾加-s desk→desks map→maps -s在请辅音后发[s]音 day→days
girl→girls -s在元音私浊畏音后发[z] 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es bus →buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes es发[iz]音
以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为I再加-es family→families factory→factories party→parties -ies发[iz]音
以元音字母y结尾的词 在词尾加-s day→days boy→boys
key→keys -s发[z]音
以f或fe 结尾的词 变f或fe为v再加-es knife→knives life→lives wife→wives
half→halves -ves发[vz]音
以辅音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-es potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes -es发[z]音
以元音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-s radio→radios zoo→zoos -s发[z]音 少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos 等。
有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如:handkerchief→handkerchiefs, roof→roofs等。
英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的,必须把它们牢记在心。如:man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。
(五)名词的所有格
在英语中,有些名词的词尾 可以加上’s,用来表示所有关系,这种结构称为名词的所有格。
1.名词所有格的构成
名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况:
1)如果名词是单数,只在词尾加’s。
例如:
the boy’s schoolbag 这男孩的书包 the worker’s shoes 这个二人的鞋
2)复数名词如果以s结尾,只加’(在s的右上角)即可 如:
the teachers’ office 老师们的办公室 the students’ claroom 学生们的教室 3)复数名词如果不以s结尾,则在词尾加’s 如:
Women’s Day 妇女节 the People’s Park 人民公园 2.名词所有格的用法 名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法:
1)表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。
例如:
He is Mary’s younger brother.他是玛丽的弟弟。
They are reading Lei Feng’s Diaries.他们在读雷锋的日记。
2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。
例如:
Our school is half an hour’s walk from here.我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离。
Beijing is China’s capital.北京是中国的首都。
3)表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系,一般使用与of构成的短语结构。
例如:
The front door of the house was painted red.那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。
There is a map of the world on the front wall of our claroom.我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。
4)名词所有格后面跟地点,往往要将地点名词省略。
例如:
My sister often goes to my uncle’s.我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。
You look ill.You’d better go to the doctor’s.你脸色不好,最好去看看病。
5)被名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提出到过,一般可以省略。
例如:
I am using my dictionary.You can use Tom’s.我们字典我正在用,你可以用汤姆的。
Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick’s.我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多, (六)可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达
1.两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有:some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。
例如:
Please give me some paper.请给我一些纸。
I don’t want to borrow any magazines.我不想借什么杂志。
2.用来修饰可数名词的数量词有:many, several.hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。
例如:
You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。
Several days later, a group of students went to help the old man.几天以后,一群学生去帮助了那位老人。
3.用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有:much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。
例如:
I want a piece of red chalk.我想要一支红粉笔。
Please give her a bit of bread.请给她一点面包。
(七)名词的用法 1.作主语 例如:
The radio says that it may stop raining later.广播说一会儿雨可能会停。
2.作表语 例如:
Cla 3 were the winners.三班获胜了。
3.作宾语 例如:
I told him a story.我给他讲了个故事。
4.作宾语补足语 例如:
He named her Jenny.他给她取名詹妮。
5.作定语 例如:
We are discuing the population problem.我们正在讨论人口问题。
6.作状语 例如:
He sat here a long time.他坐在这儿很久了。
7.与介词组成词组 例如:
I am working hard on my Chinese.我正在努力学习汉语。
8.作介词宾语 例如:
Give the money to your sister.把钱给你姐姐。
三、随堂监测A组
I.写出下列名词的复数形式:
1.house _________ 2.village ___________ 3.map __________ 4.orange _________ 5.bag ___________ 6.exercise ___________ 7.brush __________ 8.family ___________ 9.bus ___________ 10.city __________ 11.box ___________ 12.baby __________ 13.cla __________ 14.factory _________ 15.gla __________ 16.dictionary __________ 17.watch _________ 18.woman _________ 19.match __________ 20.man _________ 21.wish __________ 22.German __________ 23.tomato _________ 24.policeman ___________ 25.kilo __________ 26.human _________ 27.potato ___________ 28.Chinese __________ 29.shelf __________ 30.Japanese __________ 31.leaf ___________ 32.American __________33.life ___________ 34.tooth __________ 35.wife ___________ 36.foot ___________ 37.knife __________ 38.sheep __________ 39.half ___________ 40.child __________ II.将下列词组译成英语:
1、一群孩子
2、两箱子苹果
3、三篮子蔬菜
4、九块面包
5、十杯牛奶
6、五块肉
7、多种植物
8、一副眼镜
9、两块冰
10、三张纸
11、四瓶橘汁
12、五杯茶
13、六碗米饭
14、七袋米
15、八块木头
16、九块金属 III.写出下列各词的名词形式:
1.work _________ 2.teach _________ 3.sing ________ 4.ill ___________ 5.fight ___________ 6.invent ________ 7.wait ________ 8.woolen __________ 9.win ____________ 10.thankful ________ 11.foreign _________ 12.cloudy ________ 13.run __________ 14.dirty __________ 15.visit _________ 16.funny __________ 17.wooden ________ 18.medical ________ 19.operate ________ 20.hot __________ 21.invite __________22.worried ________ 23.build __________ 24.please ________ 25.help _________ 26.safe _________ 27.die _________ 28.dangerous _______ 29.draw ________ 30.noisy ________
四、随堂监测B组 Ⅳ.选择填空:
1.I want to buy ________.A.two bottles of ink B.two bottle of ink C.two bottle of inks D.two bottles of inks 2.They don’t have to do _______ today.
A.much homework B.many homeworks C.many homework D.much homeworks 3.The ______ of machine made us feel sick.A.voice B.noise C.sound D.noises 4.The blouse is made of ________.A.a wool B.these wood C.wools D.wool 5.There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.A.cows, sheeps B.cows, sheep C.cow, sheep D.cow, sheeps 6.June 1 is _______.A.children’s day B.children’s Day C.Children’s Day D.Children’s day 7.______ room is next to their parents’.A.Kate’s and Joan’s B.Kate’s and Joan C.Kate and Joan’s D.Kate and Joan 8.Mi Green is a friend of _______.A.Mary’s mother’s B.Mary’s mother C.Mary mother’s D.mother’s of Mary 9.Tom is ______.He will come to see me.A.my a friend B.a friend C.mine friend D.a friend of mine 10.Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.A.is, are B.are, is C.is, is D.are, are 11.I’d like to have a gla of milk and _______.A.two breads B.two pieces of breads C.two pieces of bread D.two piece of bread 12.It’s a long ______ to Paris.It’s two thousand kilometers.A.street B.road C.way D.end 13.Many ______ are singing over there.A.woman B.women C.girl D.child 14.He bought _______.A.two pairs of shoes B.two pair of shoes C.two pairs of shoe D.two pair of shoe 15.Mr.White has three _______.A.child B.children C.childs D.childrens 16.Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.A.citys B.city C.cityes D.cities 17.--- Where’s Mr.White? --- He’s in _______.A.the room 202 B.Room 202 C.the Room 202 D.room 202 18.Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.A.places B.homes C.rooms D.buildings 19.Every morning Mr.Smith takes a _______ to his office.A.20 minutes’ walks B.20 minute’s walk C.20-minutes walk D.20-minute walk 20.---Are these ______? --- No, they aren’t.They’re _______.A.sheep, cows B.sheep, cow C.sheeps, cow D.sheeps, cows 21.There are many ______ in the fridge.A.fish B.fruit C.eggs D.bread 22.--- Whose room is this? --- It’s _______.A.Li Ming B.Li Ming’s C.Li Mings D.Li Mings’ 23.Here are ______ for you, Sue.A.potatos B.some potatoes C.three tomatos D.some tomato 24.Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.A.wish B.hope C.wishes D.hopes 25.I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.A.shop B.park C.zoo D.garden 26.What’s the Chinese for “ PRC”? A.中国人民解放军 B.中华人民共和国 C.联合国 D.中国共产党 27.Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.A.picture-books B.inventions C.instructions D.meages 28.--- Which of the following animals lives only in China? --- The ________.A.monkey B.elephant C.panda D.cat 29.______ room is on the 5th floor.A.Lucy and Lily B.Lucy and Lily’s C.Lucy’s and Lily D.Lucy’s and Lily’s 30.The third month of the year is _______.A.March B.January C.February D.April 31.Mum, I’m quite thirsty.Please give me ________.A.two orange B.two bottle of oranges C.two bottles of orange D.two bottles of oranges 32.How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.A.house, gla B.house, glaes C.houses, gla D.houses, glaes 33.I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.A.Janpaneses B.American C.Chineses D.English 34._______ is the best time for planting trees.A.Summer B.Winter C.Spring D.Autumn 35.Tom was badly hurt in the match.They carried him to the ______ as quickly as poible.A.bank B.post office C.shop D.hospital 36.There are two ______ in the room.A.shelf B.shelfs C.shelfes D.shelves 37.There are seven ______ in a week.A.years B.months C.days D.minutes 38.My father is a ______.He works in a hospital.A.teacher B.doctor C.farmer D.writer 39.It’s very cold today.Why don’t you put on your ______? A.watch B.shirt C.sweater D.glaes 40.--- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I’m from ________.
A.Japan, Japanese B.China, Chinese C.England, English D.American, America V.各地中考题选编:
1.--- Where is Tom? --- He’s left a ______ saying that he has something important to do.A.excuse B.meage C.exercise D.news 2.There is no ______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.A.room B.a room C.rooms D.seats 3.--- Would you like some ______? --- Oh, yes.Just a little.A.pears B.oranges C.sugar D.apples 4.You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _______.KEEP IN A COLD PLACE A.food B.money C.clothes D.books 5.Mr.Green has lived in the _____ hotel since he came to China.A.five-star B.five-stars C.five star’s D.five stars
6.She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _______.A.home B.family C.house D.place 7.--- What’s the _____ today? --- It’s June 26.A.day B.date C.time D.hour 8.English is spoken as a first language in ______.A.the USA B.India C.Japan D.China 9.______ comes from cows.A.Wool B.Chicken C.Pork D.Milk 10.Which of the following does paper burn in? A.B.C.D.11.Let the children go away.They’re making too much ______ here.A.noise B.voice C.noisy D.sounds 12.______ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.A.Wool B.Pork C.Mutton D.Milk 13.--- Oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift.--- It doesn’t matter, let’s wait for the next.A.ground B.floor C.place D.room 14._______ is the biggest city in China.A.Beijing B.Shanghai C.Guangzhou D.Kunming 15.The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented _______.A.the ship B.the car C.the plane D.the train 冠词
重点知识归纳及讲解 (一)概说
1.冠词是一种虚词,不能独立担任一个成分,只能附着在一个名词上,帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词:
1)定冠词the 2)不定冠词a/an 定冠词the通常读作[],在元音前读作[i],特别强调或单念时读作[i:]。
不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式,读作[n];
在其他情况下则使用a,读作[]。
2.冠词的基本意义
不定冠词a/an与数词one同源,表示“一个”的意思,用在可数名词单数前。
例如:
She is a nurse.她是个护士。
He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.他是一位英国人,有一个爱尔兰妻子。
定冠词the,与this同源,有“这(那)个”的意思,但比较弱,表示一(几)个特定的人或东西,有时可译作“这个(些)”或“那个(些)”。
例如:
That’s the book you want.这就是你要的那本书。
Who’s the young man over there? 那边那个年轻人是谁?
但在很多情况下,“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。
例如:
Put it on the table.把它放在桌上。
Shut the door, please.请把门关上。
3.特指和泛指 一般来说,名词有特指和泛指两种情况,请比较下面的句子:
A gentleman is asking to see you.有位先生要求见你。(泛指) Ask the gentleman to come in.请那位先生进来。(特指) 在特指时一般前面要加定冠词,而泛指时则有三种情况:
1)在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。
例如:
She sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片。
2)在可数名词复数前可不加冠词,可使用some, any这类词。
例如:
These are new words.这些是生词。
She sent me some flowers.她送给我一些花。
3)在不可数名词前多不加什么,有时也可加some, any等。
例如:
It’s lovely weather.天气真好。
Do you want any sugar in your tea? 你茶里要放点糖吗? Give us some help.给我们一些帮助。
(二)不定冠词的基本用法
1.泛指某一类人或事物中的一个,代表某一类别(不一定译为“一”) 例如:
His father is a doctor.他父亲是医生。
2.代表某一类人或事物,相当于any(+名词)(不必译为“一”,但必须用a,表示类别) 例如:
A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。
3.指某人或某物(不是指某一类),但不具体说明何人或何物(一般译为“一”) 例如:
This book was written by a worker.这本书是一位工人写的。
4.表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈(一般译为“一”) 例如:
Wait a moment.等一下。
5.表示单位,相当于“每”的意思 例如:
We have three meals a day.我们每日吃三餐。
6.用于某此固定词组中 例如:
a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。
(三)定冠词的基本用法 1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事物 例如:
Give me the book.把那本书给我。
2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物 例如:
Where is the doctor? 医生在哪儿?
3.再次提到上文提到过的人或事物 例如:
I bought a dictionary yesterday.The dictionary is at home.昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。
4.用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物 例如:
The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.地球比月亮大,但比太阳小。
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级前 例如:
Mr Wang teaches the first cla.王先生上第一节课。
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.在所有的恒星中,太阳离地球最近。
6.用在单数可数名词,表示某一类人或事物 例如:The horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。
7.与下列专有名词连用
1)在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前 例如:
the Changjiang River, the Great Lake 2)在姓氏的复数名词前,表示夫妇二人或全家人 例如:
The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。
8.和某些形容词连用,表示一类人 例如:
the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead 死人 9.在一些习惯说法中 the east (west, south, north) in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right) in the end go to the cinema (四)不用冠词的几种情况
1.在专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前 例如:
Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你到过上海吗? We love science.我们爱好科学。
2.在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前 例如:
Girls can be scientists.女孩子可以当科学家。
3.在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前 例如:
It is hot in summer.夏天天气热。
It’s Tuesday, August the 22nd.今天是八月二十二日,星期三。
Have you had breakfast? 你吃过早饭没有?
4.称呼语或表示头衔,职务的名词前 例如:
What’s the matter with you, Mike? 怎么啦,迈克?
He is headmaster of our school.他是我们学校的校长。
5.学科和球类运动的名称前 例如:
We study English.我们学习英语。
Do you like to play football? 你喜欢踢足球吗?
6.名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时,不用冠词
例如:
That is her bike.那是她的自行车。
Each student in his cla studies hard.这个班的每个学生都努力学习。
7.在某些固定词组的名词前 例如:
at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。
三、随堂监测A组
I.在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词,不需要的地方用“/”表示:
1.This is ______ old map.It is ______ useful map.2.We have no claes in ______ afternoon on _______ Saturday.3.______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second.4.Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China.It is _______ beautiful city.5.Roman was not built in ______ day.6.Chinese is quite ______ difficult language for Mike.7.Many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet.8.There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.9.Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground.______ wallet was Mr.Black’s.10.Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth? 11.--- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, I think.12.--- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital? --- Go down this road and turn left on ______ second croing.13._______ more, _______ better.14._______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.15.Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working cla.16.When was ______ People’s Republic of China founded? 17.In China ______ first English textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth century.18.After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.19.______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.20.He likes playing ______ football.His sister likes playing ______ piano.II.单项选择:
1.上学 A.go to school B.go to the school C.go to a school 2.住院 A, in the hospital B.in a hospital C.in hospital 3.此刻 A.at the moment B.at a moment C.at moment 4.在课堂上 A.in cla B.in a cla C.in the cla 5.在地球上 A.on earth B.on an earth C.on the earth 6.步行 A.on foot B.on the foot C.on feet 7.吃饭 A.at a table B.at the table C.at table 8.乘公共汽车A.take bus B.by bus C.by the bus 9.在家 A.at the home B.at a home C.at home 10.在工作 A.at work B.at the work C.at works 11.跳高 A.jump high B.high jump C.the high jump 12.坐飞机 A.by air B.by the air C.on air 13.乘火车 A.by the train B.by train C.on train 14.在校学习 A.in the school B.in school C.in schools 15.睡觉 A.go to bed B.go to the bed C.go to a bed 16.感冒 A.have a cold B.have the cold C.have cold 17.乘船 A.by ship B.on ship C.by a ship 18.玩得痛快A.have good times B.have a good time C.have good times 19.事实上 A.in the fact B.in facts C.in fact 21.从早到晚A.from morning to the evening B.from morning to evening C.from a morning to an evening
四、随堂监测B组 III.选择填空:
1.There is ______ old woman in the car.A./ B.the C.a D.an 2.Shanghai is in _______ east of China.A./ B.an C.the D.a 3.Bill is ______ English teacher.He likes playing ______ football.A.a, the B.an, the C.a, / D./, / 4.The museum is quite far.It will take you half _____ hour to go there by ______ bus.A.an, / B.an, a C.a, / D./, / 5.The story is ______ interesting.That means it is ______ interesting story.A.an, the B.the, a.C./, an D./, a 6.Let’s go for ______ walk, shall we? A.a B.an C.the D./ 7.This is ______ interesting story-book and it is also ______ useful one.A.a, a B.an, an C.an, a D.a, an 8._______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school.A.A, an B.The, a C.The , the D.A, the 9.They paed our school ______ day before yesterday.A.an B.one C.a D.the 10.Australia is ______ English-speaking country.A.a B.an C.the D./ 11.Don’t play ______ basketball here.It’s dangerous.A.a B.an C./ D.the 12.This is ______ apple.It’s _______ big apple.A.an, a B.a, the C.a, an D.an, the 13.--- Have you seen ______ bag? I left it here just now.--- Is it ______ one on the chair near the door? A.a, a B.the, the C.a, the D.the, a 14.I have ______ blue coat.A.a B.an C.the D.some 15.This is _____ orange._______ orange is on the table.A.a, The B.an, The C.an, An D.the, An 16.Have you had ______ breakfast? A.a B.an C.the D./ 17.He wondered when the doctor could finish _____ operation.A.a B.an C.the D.any 18.After ______ supper, he stayed at home and played ______ violin.A.the, the B./, the C./, a D./, / 19.There is ______ apple on the plate.A.a B.an C.the D./ 20.He said that he got ______ “ C” in the test.A.a B.an C.the D./ 21.______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.A.The, a B.A, / C.A, the D.An, an 22.English is _______ useful language in ______ world.A.an, the B.a, the C.the, the D.an, an 23.In the word “ cariage” _______ “ r” is lost.A.the B.an C.a D./ 24.With the help of his teacher he studied hard and got ______ “ A” in the test.A.a B.an C.the D.one 25.I have two dogs.______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old.A.A, a B.The, a C.The, the D.A.the 26.Li Dan can play ______ piano very well.A./ B.a C.an D.the 27.What ______ interesting film it is! I like ______ film very much.A.a, the B.a, a C.an, the D.The, / 28.______ tall man over there is our ______ English teacher.A.A, the B.The, a C.A, an D.The, / 代词
一、本周内容概述 1.代词的作用
严格地讲,代词是代替名词的,在句子中起名词的作用,可用作:
1)主语 例如:
This is our new home.这是我们的新家。
Who is on the phone? 谁在打电话? 2)宾语 例如:
Take good care of yourself.多多保重。
We should help each other.我们应互相帮助。
3)表语 例如:
That’s not mine.那不是我的。
Who is it? —It’s me.谁呀? —是我。
4)同位语 例如:
We both live in the dormitory.我们两人都住宿舍。
He ate them all.他把它们全吃了。
5)呼语 例如:
Be patient, everybody.大家都耐心点。
2.代词的分类
代词通常可分为以下八类:
1)人称代词(I, you, he , we等) 2)物主代词(our, your, their, his等) 3)反身代词(myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等) 4)相互代词(each other, one another) 5)指示代词(this, that, these, those等) 6)疑问代词(who, what, which, whose等) 7)关系代词(who, that, which, whose等) 8)不定代词(both, all, some, any等)
二、重点知识归纳及讲解 (一)人称代词
1.人称代词的单数、复数和主格、宾格 数 格
人称 单数 复数 主格 宾语 主格 宾格 第一人称 I 我 me we 我们 us 第二人称 you 你 you you 你们 you 第三人称 he 他 she 她 it 它 him her it 他们 they 她们 它们 them 2.人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语 例如:
I am studying English now.我现在正在学英语。
We love our country.我们热爱我们的国家。
如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语,它们的顺序是:
单数形式 you, he and I 复数形式 we, you and they 2)人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。
例如:
Can you help us? 你能帮助我们吗? We are waiting for them.我们正在等他们。
Who is there? It’s me.是谁呀?是我。
(二)物主代词
物主代词用来表示人和物之间的所有关系,这类代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,并有不同的人称和单复数之分。
2.形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别
1)形容词性物主代词不能独立使用,只作定语,用来修饰后面的名词。
例如:
My parents are both doctors.我的父母都是医生。
We saw a film yesterday.Its name was Speed.我们昨天看了一场电影,片名是《生死时速》。
2)名词性物主代词应独立使用,后面不跟名词,相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
例如:
Is this her pen? No, hers is red.(主语) 这是她的钢笔吗?不,她的是红色的。
Let’s clean their room first, and then clean ours.(宾语) 咱们先打扫他们的房间,然后再打扫我们的。
These letters are his.(表语) 这些信是他的。
(三)反身代词
反身代词用来表示反射或强调。
1.反身代词的形式 人称 一 二 三
单数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 2.反身代词的用法
1)在句子中作宾语,表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。
例如:
My grandmother is too old to look after herself.我奶奶年纪太大了,照顾不了她自己。
Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself.雷锋总是乐于帮助别人,从不考虑自己。
2)在句中作名词或代词的同位语,用来加强语气,常可译为“亲自”、“本人”等。在这种情况下,反身代词可以紧跟名词或代词之后,也可以放到句末。
例如:
We ourselves will build the factory.我们将自己建造这个工厂。
He spoke to me myself.他对我本人说话。
3)反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。
例如:
by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己 call oneself 称自己 teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随意吃 lose oneself 迷路 speak to oneself 自言自语 seat oneself 就座 make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思 (四)指示代词
指示代词是表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词,如:this, that, these, those等。英语中指示代词的用法同汉语中的情况相似。this和these一般用来指较近的事物,that和those则指较远的事物。
指示代词可以充当句子中的主语、定语、宾语或表语。
例如:
This is a difficult question.这是个难题。
That basketball isn’t ours.那个篮球不是我们的。
Do you like these? 你喜欢这些吗? (五)不定代词
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。
1.不定代词有以下形式:
some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one 2.不定代词在句子中的作用:
1)作主语 例如:
Everyone has come.Let’s begin.大家都到了,我们开始吧。
Both of his parents are doctors.他的父母都是医生。
One is the teacher, the others are students.一人是老师,其余的是学生。
2)作宾语 例如:
This one is too small, please show me another.这个太小,请另外拿一个给我看看。
Please introduce me to the others.请把我介绍给所有其他的人。
3)作表语 例如:
That’s all for today.今天就到这儿吧。
It’s too much for me.这件事非我力所能及。
3.常见不定代词的用法讲解 1)some和any a.some常用于肯定句,any多用于否定句,疑问句或条件状语从句,两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。
例如:
Some say yes and some say no.有的人说是,有的人说不是。
I don’t like any of them.我对他们一个也不喜欢。
Does any of them know this? 他们当中有谁知道吗?
b.如果在提问时期待对方肯定回答,或鼓励别人说yes时,疑问句中的不定代词要用some,不用any。
例如:
Would you like some of the tickets? 你想要些票吗?
c.在强调“任何一个”意思的时候,any也可用于肯定句。
例如:
You can take any of the newspapers here.你可以拿这儿任何一份报纸。
2)either和neither either用于肯定,neither用于否定,二者均限于两个个体的情况。
例如:
You can see tall trees on either of the river banks.在河的两岸你们能看到高大的树。
Neither of them wants to see the film with me.他们两个谁也不想和我去看电影。
3)one和ones(one的复数形式) one可以指某人,人人或某物,也可以用来代替上文中提及的可数名词,以避免用词的重复。当one指人时,其反身代词为oneself,所有格形式是one’s。
例如:
One should follow the laws.人人应该遵守法律。
The one in red is our monitor.穿红衣服的那位是我们的班长。
Shanghai has a lot of new buildings, but it also has many old ones.上海有很多新的建筑物,也有不少老的建筑物。
4)复合不定代词
复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every同body,one, thing等词构成的代词。复合不定代词都可看作单数,表示“某人”或“某物”,并在句中作主语、宾语或表语。同some和any在用法上的区别一样,some, someone和something一般用于肯定句,anybody, anyone和anything一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。
例如:
We want somebody to help us.我们想要有人来帮助我们。
Have you found anything here? 你们在这儿发现什么了吗?
If anyone comes to visit us, tell him we have gone to the cinema.如果有人来访,就告诉他我们去电影院了。
表示人的复合不定代词后面都可以加’s构成所有格。
例如:
Somebody’s wallet has just been stolen.有人的钱包刚刚被偷了。
复合不定代词要求后置定语。
例如:
We will have something important to do this afternoon.今天下午我们有些重要事情要做。
(六)疑问代词
疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词,如who, whom, whose, what和which等。
在疑问句中,疑问代词一般都放在句首,并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
例如:
Who is your maths teacher?(表语) 谁是你们的数学老师? Whose bag is that?(定语) 那是谁的书包?
Who teaches you English?(主语) 谁教你们英语?
Whom are you talking about?(宾语) 你们在谈论谁? (七)相互代词
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词,其形式如下表。
主格和宾格 所有格 each other one another each other’s one another’s
在当代英语中,each other和one another意思上没有区别,它们在句中可以作宾语,其所有格可以作定语。
(互相) (彼此的) 例如:
Do you often help each other? 你们经常互相帮助吗?
We are interested in one another’s work.我们对彼此的工作感兴趣。
三、随堂监测A组 I.选择填空:
1.This dictionary is not hers.It’s _______.A.I B.me C.mine D.my 2.--- Is this ______ magazine? --- No, it isn’t.It’s ________.A.your, her B.hers, mine C.yours, hers D.your, hers 3.There are two books on the desk.One is a maths book, _______ is an English book.A.others B.other C.the other D.another 4._______ of the girls plays tennis well.A.Neither B.Both C.All D.Some 5.Mary speaks very quickly._______ is difficult to understand what she is saying.A.That B.she C.It D.There 6.The school was built by the villagers _______.A.us B.ourselves C.them D.themselves 7.He put a finger into ______ mouth and sucked it.A.his B.he C.him D.his’s 8.He is always ready to help ______.A.another B.others C.the other D.other 9.Let _______ do this exercise myself.A.him B.her C.us D.me 10.Have you _______ to tell us? A.important something B.something important C.important anything D.anything important 11.I met an old friend of ______ on ______ way home.A.mine, my B.my, the C.mine, a D.mine, the 12.______ of the students in our cla has a ticket.A.Every B.Both C.Each D.All 13.There are several books on the desk.._____ of them is English.A.All B.Both C.None D.Neither 14._______ live in Shanghai.A.We B.Our C.Ours D.Ourselves 15.--- Is this ______ jacket? --- Yes, it’s _______.A.her, her B.her, hers C.hers, her D.hers, hers 16.--- _______ is that boy? --- He’s my son.A.Who B.Whom C.What D.Which 17._______ humans ______ animals can live without air.A.Both, and B.Neither, nor C.Either, or D.Not only, but also 18.They have twenty-six desks in the claroom.One is for the teacher, ______ are for the students.A.the other B.other C.the others D.others 19.My dictionary is in my bag.Where is _______? A.yours B.you C.yourself D.your 20.I think you can do the job ______.A.yourself B.myself C.himself D.your 21.--- Which jacket is Mary’s? --- The red one is _______.A.she B.her C.hers D.his 22.My uncle was so angry that he was no ______ when he found I was beating his dog.A.him B.his C.himself D.he 23.There are many trees on ______ side of the street.A.all B.both C.every D.each 24._____ is important for us to keep the balance of nature.A.There B.That C.This D.It 25.She can’t find ______ watch.A.hers B.it C.her D.it’s
26.There is ______ milk in the gla.A.many B.little C.few D.a few 27.Please pa ______ the cap of tea.A.me B.my C.mine D.I 28.Have you heard from ______ recently? A.them B.they C.themselves D.their 29.There is _____water in the bottle.A.not B.some C.any D.many 30.There isn’t ______ food left on the table.A.many B.few C.much D.little 31.Sorry, I can’t answer your question.I know ______ about the news.A.a little B.little C.few D.a few 32.This is his schoolbag, ______ is on the desk.A.my B.yours C.your D.you 33.We made the radio ______.A.us B.ourselves C.myself D.our 34.Would please give me ______ hot tea? A.one B.little C.some D.any 35.--- Would you like some milk in your tea? --- Yes, just _______.A.a little B.little C.a few D.few 36.This question is so difficult that ______ students can answer it.A.few B.a few C.little D.a little 37.They have only _________ homework for Sunday.A.few B.a few C.little D.a little 38.They told us about their school and we told them about_______.A.we B.us C.our D.ours 39.This blue suit looks better than the green ________.A./ B.one C.suits D.ones 40._________ is your father ,a worker or a teacher? A.How B.Which C.What D.Who
四、随堂监测B组 II.中考题集:
1.--- Whose painting is this? It’s really wonderful! --- Oh, it’s not ________ .It’s _________ .
A.hers; your B.mine; Elsa’s C.yours; he’s D.his; my
2._________ of the twins went to watch Peking Opera last Sunday.They were staying at home all that day.A.Either B.Both C.Neither D.One 3.The English novel is quite easy for you.There are __________ new words in it.A.a little B.little C.a few D.few 4.This ruler is mine.__________ is over there.A.She B.She’s C.Her D.Hers
5.I’ll tell you ________ news about the sports meeting.A.many B.some C.a few 6.All the boys were very tired, but _______ of them would take a rest.A.all B.neither C.any D.none 7.Every day Mr.Hu checks _________ homework and corrects the mistakes we make.A.his B.her C.our D.its 8.--- When shall we meet again, this afternoon or tonight? --- I don’t mind._________ time is OK.A.Either B.Every C.Neither D.Both 9.The old man has two sons.One is a worker ; ________ is a teacher.A.another B.other C.others D.the other 10.Pa _________ the knife, please.My pencil is broken.A.I B.me C.my D.mine 11.--- Which do you prefer, orange juice or coke? --- _________, thanks.I’d like just a cup of tea.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.None 12.Bob couldn’t buy the dictionary because he had _________ money with him.A.a few B.few C.a little D.little 13.This is not my dictionary.It’s ________.A.her B.his C.your D.their 14.--- Oh! I came n a hurry and forgot to bring food.--- Never mind.You can have _________ .A.us B.ours C.you D.yours 15.--- The watch is so nice! Is it for ________? --- Yes.Happy birthday.Mary! --- Thank you very much.A.his B.me C.my D.hers 16.--- May I use your pen? --- Yes, here are two and you can use ________ of them.A.both B.every C.any D.either 17.--- Whose book is this? --- It’s ________ .A.my B.mine C.me D.I 18.--- How many more oranges can I have ? --- You can have one more.__________ are for Tom.A.The others B.Another C.Others D.The other 19.--- Can I talk to you for a minute, Brain? --- Sure, I have _______ time.A.a few B.little C.few D.a little 20.Their English teacher is from America, but ________ is from England.A.ours B.my C.your D.her 21.Anne has a son._______ name is Edward.A.Her B.His C.Hers D.Him 22.This isn’t my sweater.It’s __________ , I think.A.she B.her C.hers D.mine 23.Hurry up! There’s _________ time left.A.few B.a few C.little D.a little 24.--- Could I have some milk? --- Certainly.There’s ________ in the bottle.A.little B.a little C.a few D.few 25.You can’t see many of the stars in the sky because __________ are too far away.A.they B.their C.them D.theirs 26.Lei Feng asked _________ for return when he helped others.A.everything B.nothing C.anything D.something 27.--- Is it your ticket? --- No, _________ is in my pocket.It’s ________.A.mine; her B.my; his C.mine; hers D.my; hers 28.Can you tell me ________ she is waiting for? A.why B.whose C.whom D.which 29.Mi Brown will teach ________ English next term.A.us B.we C.our D.ours 30.There is _________ in today’s newspaper.A.new anything B.new something C.anything new D.something new 数词
一、本周内容概述
表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。
二、重点知识归纳及讲解 (一)基数词 基数词用来表示数目,或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。
1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred 2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand 3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1,000,000 a million 4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 10,000,000 ten million 5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 100,000,000 a hundred million 6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 1,000,000,000 a billion 7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy 8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty 9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety 10 ten 说明:
1.13—19是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中
13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。 2.20—90由个位数加后缀-ty构成,注意其中20—50的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。
3.其它非整十的两位数21—99是由整十位数加连字符“-”,再加个位数构成。如:
81 eighty-one。
4.101—999的基数词先写百位数,后加and再写十位数和个位数。如:
691 six hundred and ninety-one。
5.1000以上的基数词先写千位数,后写百位数,再加and,最后写十位数和个位数。
如:5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。
在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词,没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词,而是用thousand(千)和million(百万)来表达,其换算关系为:1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。
7.多位数的读法:
初中英语语法大全
初中英语语法大全
最牛英语口语培训模式:躺在家里练口语,全程外教一对一,三个月畅谈无阻! 太平洋英语,免费体验全部外教一对一课程:http://www.dawendou.com
1 (see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 (比较级 and 比较级) 表示越来越怎么样
3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 4 agree with sb 赞成某人
5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 7 along with同……一道,伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的
10 ask for ……求助 向…要…(直接接想要的东西) eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么
12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg:I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初;
……的开始
15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后;
尽头;
末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候
17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pa the test 18 be + doing 表:1 现在进行时 2 将来时
19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原) 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧,害怕…… eg : I\\"m afraed to go out at night I\\"m afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么
eg: I\\"m allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don\\"t be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气
25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开
29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心;
小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好
36 be from = come from 来自 eg :He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the gla is full of water the gla is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原) 将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……
41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处
eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处
初中英语语法大全
44 be in good health 身体健康
45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣
47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for cla 上课迟到 48 be like 像…… eg : I\\"m like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气
50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料) 51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎
55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰
57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He\\"s strict in obeying noles 62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格
63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么
65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well 67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I\\"m sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑(老师) 68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I\\"m suer that he can pa the test 我相信他能通过考试
69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pa the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语
70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事
eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in cla 他习惯上课睡觉 74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句
76 because+句子 because of +短语
eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么 eg : Let\\"s begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 between…and… 两者之间
79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同 81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : I\\"m sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你,但是你能告诉我怎么去车站
the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 He\\"s bothering me to lend him money 82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang 84 care 关心 eg : Don\\"t you care about this country\\"s future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来 85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地 87 come in 进88 come over to 过来
初中英语语法大全
89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗? 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流
91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州? 92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞
93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做错 97 Don\\"t forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don\\"t mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意…… 99 each +名(单)每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么
106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样 108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing(名词) 110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don\\"t forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完,被(别人)做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了) Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了(被牙医拔掉了)
114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好
116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth 120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳
124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of 126 go to school 上学(用于专业的)go to the school 去学校(不一定是上学) 127 good way to 好方法 128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事
129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈
131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since 132 have been to …( 地方)……去过某过地方 have gone to …(地方) 去了某地还没回来 133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做
eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做 135 have to do sth 必须做某事
136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦 137 have…time +doing
138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假 139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事 140 help a lot 很大用处
141 help sb with sth \\\\one\\"s sth 帮助某人某事(某方面) help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 142 hope to do sth 希望做某事
143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing) 144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法 145 if : 是否=wether eg: I don\\"t know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会
He don\\"t know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达 146 if :如果,假如(全部接一般时态)+条件语态从句
初中英语语法大全
eg: I\\"ll go to LuZhou if it does\\"t rain 假如明天不下雨,我就去泸州
If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划,他们会让我知道的 I\\"ll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱,我就要去英国 147 in one\\"s opinion = sb think 某人认为 148 in some ways 在某些方面 149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后
150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方 (north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东 ) 151 in the sun 在太阳下 152 increase 增加
eg : They\\"ve increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3% the population has increased from 12 million ten years ago to 18 million now 153 instead of +(名 ) 代替
eg: I\\"d like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果,而不要梨子 I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学
154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍 155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事
156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间
eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook 157 It\\"s +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样 158 It\\"s +adj +to do 做某事怎么样
159 It\\"s +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 It\\"s +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样
160 It\\"s +adj(for sb) to do(对某人来说) 做某事怎么样 It\\"s +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样
eg : It\\"s nice of you to help me with my English 161 It\\"s a good idea for sb to do sth 对…… 来说是个好主意 162 It\\"s important to sb 对某人来说很重要 eg: It\\"s important to me 163 It\\"s time to do sth It\\"s time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间 eg : It\\"s time to have cla It\\"s time for cla 该去上课了 164 join = take part in 参加 165 just now 刚才
166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语 让什么保持什么样? 167 keep out 不让 …… 进入
168 keep sb adj 让……保持…… eg: I want to keep my mother happy keep healthy 保持健康 169 key to +名词 表示:某物的钥匙或某题的答案 170 key to… anser to … key 可以是答题或钥匙
171 laugh at… 取笑…… eg : Don\\"t langh at others We langhed at the joke 172 learn by oneslfe 自学
173 learn from sb 向某人学习 eg: We should learn from Lei Feng 174 learn to do sth 学做某事 175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事
176 Let sb down 让某人失望 eg :
We shouldn\\"t let our farents down 我们不应该让我们的父母失望 177 live from :离某地远
178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方 居住在某地 eg: I live in LuZhou She lives at XuanTan 179 look after = take care of 照顾 照看
初中英语语法大全
180 lose one\\"s way 谁 迷 路 eg : Lose your way 你迷路 181 make a decision to do sth 决定做某事
182 make friends with sb 和谁成为朋友 eg : I want to make friends with you 183 make it early 把时间定的早一点
184 make on exhibition of oneself 让某人出洋相
185 make sb /n +n 使什么成为什么 eg : I made her my step moller I made you my wife 186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人(某物)怎么样 eg : You must made your bed clean 187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物怎么样
188 make sb do sth 让某人做某事 eg : I made him write 我以前让他写 189 make up be made up of (被动语态)由……组成 190 make…difference to…
191 mind sb to do mind one\\"s doing 介意……做什么 192 most +名 most of +代
193 much too +形容词 194 must be 一定 195 need +名词
196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事 197 need to do (实义动词) need do (情态动词) 198 no /neithr of hate to do no /neithr of hate doing 199 no +名词
200 not anymore = no more 再也不…… eg: He didn\\"t cry any more He cried no more 他再也不哭201 not… (形、副)at all eg: He\\"s not tall at all she doesn\\"t junp far at all
202 not…at all 一点都不
203 not…either 表否定,也不 eg : I don\\"t japanse either I don\\"t have sister, either 我也没有姐姐 204 not…until 直到……才……
eg: I didn\\"t sleep until my mother came back The child didn\\"t stop crying until I give her sugar 205 offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供
206 offer sb sth ( offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人 eg : I offer you water (I offer water to you 我给你提供水
207 on one\\"s way to… 在谁去那的路上
208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 209 on the phone = over the phone 用电话交谈 210 on time 准时 in time 及时
211 one day =some day =someday 一天,有一天 212 one of +可数名词的复数形式 213 one to another 一个到另一个
214 over and over agin 一遍又一遍的 eg : He cleaned the floor over and over agin 215 part-time job 兼职工作 fall-time job 全职工作 216 pay for… 付……钱 pay the bill 开钱 ,付钱 217 please +do 218 please help yourself 219 pleased with sb 220 pool into = pore into 221 practice +doing 练习做某事
222 prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜欢…… eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化学中,我更喜欢物理
初中英语语法大全
prefer doing to sth 更喜欢去做…不愿意去做… eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving 他更喜欢骑自行车,不开小车
prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿做…也不愿
eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one 我叔叔更喜欢买新的车,也不去修旧车 prefer sb not to do sth 更愿意… eg: I prefer her not to come 我不喜欢她不来 223 pretend to do sth 装着去做什么 pretend that 从句
eg : The two cheats pretended to be working very hard 这两个骗子装着努力工作 He pretended that he did not know the answer 他装着不知道答案 224 rather…than 宁可……也不……
eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯当医生,也不当老师 He likes dogs rather than cats 他喜欢狗,不喜欢猫 225 regard…as 把……当作……
eg: Please give my best regards to your family 请带我向你的家人我最好的问候 I regard you as my friend 我把你当作我的朋友 He shows little regard for others 他不爱关心别人
226 remid sb about sth 提醒某人什么事 remid sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事 eg : he remids me about cooking (he remids me to cook 他提醒我做饭 227 remid sb of sth 使某人想起什么
eg : the pictures remind me of my school days 这照片使我想起了我的学校 the words that (which) the teacher talke to remind me of my mother 228 return sth to sb 还什么东西给某人 229 say to oneself 对自己说 230 say to sb 对某人说
231 sb spend somemoney on sth 花了多少钱在某事上 232 sb spend sometime with sb 花了多少时间陪谁 233 sb spend sometime(in) doing sth 花了多少时间做某事 234 sb with sb +is sb and sb +are 235 see sb do 看见某人做过某事 see sb doing 看见某人正在做某事
236 seem to do/be +adj 显得怎么样 eg : You seem to be tired You seem to be happy 237 send +sb sth 送给某人某物 238 send…to…把什么寄到哪里去?
239 shock 使……震惊 eg : Oh , It\\"s only you ! You give me a shock 啊,是你呀!吓我一跳 240 show sb sth 向某人展示某物 eg : I show her the book.241 show sb sth = show sth to sb 拿什么东西给某人看 eg: Show me your pen Show your pen to me 242 show sth to sb 向某人展示某物 eg : I show the book to her.243 some…others… 一些……另一些……
244 start…with… 从……开始 begin…with… 从……开始 245 stay away from 远离……
eg : We\\"re told to stay away from the animals whe visiting the zoo 当我们参观zoo 时,我们要远离动物 If you want to lose weight you\\"d better stay auay from the sweet food 徒工你想减肥,你最好远离甜食 246 stop doing 停下正在做的事
247 stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事 248 stop sb(from) doing 阻止某人做某事 249 stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事
初中英语语法大全
250 such +名 这样 ,这种 251 suit sb 适合某人
252 surprise sb 使某人惊奇 to one\\"s surprise 令某人惊奇 253 take claes 上课
254 take sb to 把某人带去 eg : I take you to the hospital 255 take walks = take a walk = go for a walk 散步
256 ①talk to 对谁说 eg : I talk to you ② talk with 和谁说 eg : I talk with him ③ talk of 谈到 eg : we talked of you ④ talk about 谈论关于…… 257 talk with sb 和某人说话 258 teach sb sth 教某人做某事 259 tell sb do sth 告诉某人做某事
260 tell sb sth tell sb that 丛句 tell sb not to do sth tell a story 261 tell sb sth 告诉某人某事
262 tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做什么 tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做什么 263 tell…from… 264 thank you for +doing 265 the same +名词(doing)+as……
266 the same…(名)…as as…(adj adv)…as 相同
267 the way to do sth = the way of doing st做某方面 的方法the way to +地方 去哪的路 e g :Do you know the way to learn English Do you know the way of learning English 268 the way to…(地点) 到哪的269 too…to… 太怎样而不能……adj +enough to 足够…能… so…that +丛句 eg: He is too young to go to school = He is so young that he can\\"t go to school He is old enough to go to school = He is so old that he can go to school 270 transalte ……into…… 把什么翻译成什么 eg : Trasalte English into chinese 271 travel with sb和某人去旅游272 try one\\"s best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事eg: I will try my best to learn English well 273 try to do sth 想干什么,但没成功 try doing sth 想干什么,已经做过了 eg :He tried to climb 他想爬上去,但没成功 He tried climbing 他想爬上去,已经做过了 274 try…试衣服 have a try 试一下 275 turn down 开小 ←→ turn up 开大 276 turn off 关上 ←→ turn on 打开 open 拆开 277 upside down 倒着 278 visit to… 参观某个地方 279 wait for sb 等某人 注:版权归徐闯所有,未经本人同意擅自转载!
过去将来时:
句子结构: 肯定句 主语+ would+ 动词原型+其他
否定句 主语+ would not + 动词原型+ 其他
疑问句 Would+主语+动词原型+其他
(would可改为was/were going to ,主语第一人称时would可用should) 过去将来时主要用在宾语从句中. 过去完成时:
句子结构: 肯定句 主语+had + 动词的过去分词+其他
否定句 主语+had not +动词的过去分词+其他
疑问句 Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他
关键词:by+过去某一时间点 如:by last year, by the end of+过去某一时间点 如: by the end of last year, before+过去某一时间点,by the time +从句,或宾语从 句中最后,请记住:
It\\"s not the end of the world, try to look on the bright side of thing, I\\"m sure it will be all right.
这不是世界末日,试着往事情好的方面看,我确认一切都会好起来.英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
现在完成时:
句子结构:肯定句 主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他(第三人称单数用has) 否定句 主语+have/has not+动词的过去分词+其他
疑问句 Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词+其他
关键词:already, yet, just, ever, never ,so far, for +一段时间,since+过去的
时间或过去时从句.或this year alone\\\"今年以来\\\",these five years alone\\\"这五年
以来\\\",in the last ten years \\\"在过去的十年中\\\"等.
初中阶段的被动语态有五种时态,我们可以从以下方面进行小结:
一、被动语态的时态及结构(以动词do为例) 结构:主语 + be + 过去分词
时态:1.一般现在时:
am (is, are) done.2.带情态动词的被动语态:must (can, may, should, need, would) be done 3.一般过去时:
was (were) done * 4.一般将来时:
will (shall) be done * 5.现在进行时:
am (is, are) being done 6.现在完成时:
have (has) been done
二、从初中阶段所学五种基本句型谈变被动语态时应注意的问题。 1.主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 (S+V+P) 此结构不可用被动语态。
(正) The flowers smell sweet.(误) The flowers are smelt sweet.2.主语 + 不及物动词 (S+V) 此结构不可变被动语态。
(正) An accident happened last night.(误) An accident was happened last night.3.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (S + V+ O) (1)将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语 Children often sing this song
This song is often sung by children.(2)将含有介词或副词的动词短语变为被动结构时,不可将介词或副词去掉。
We should listen to the teachers carefully.The teachers should be listened to carefully.4.主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (S + V+ IO+ DO) (1).将表人的间接宾语变为主语,直接宾语不变。
He showed us a picture .We were shown a picture.(2).将指物的直接宾语变为主语,要在间接宾语前加介词to或for.常用加to的动词give, show, pa, read等
常用加for的动词 buy, get, make, sing, draw 等 A picture was shown to us.A dictionary was bought for me by my parents.5. 主语+及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 (S+ V+ O + C) 如动词为 make, see, hear, watch 等,后接宾语补足语为不带“to”不定式时,变被动语态时要加上“to” 。
I saw him fall off the tree.He was seen to fall off the tree.6.\\\"be + 过去分词\\\" 并非都是被动语态,系动词 be, feel, seem,look,等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,作表语用,表示某种状态。
I\\"m interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。
*7.某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。The woman\\"s clothes sell well.女装卖的快。This book sells best.这本书很畅销.
一般现在时:
句子结构: 肯定句 主语+be (am, is, are ) + 其他
否定句 主语+be not +其他
疑问句 Be+主语+其他
或: 肯定句 主语+动词原型+其他 ( 第三人称单数作主语动词要加\\\"s\\\" )
否定句 主语+don\\"t+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语don\\"t改为doesn\\"t) 疑问句 DO+主语+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语do改为doe) 关键词: sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, on Sunday
afternoon, at 10 o\\"clockin the morning, five days a week, three times a month等.
注:在时间壮语从句,条件壮语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来时,这时一般从 句用一般现在时,主句用将来时
现在进行时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+be +动词的现在分词+其他
否定句 主语+be not+动词的现在分词+其他
疑问句 Be +主语+动词的现在分词+其他
关键词:now, right now, at the moment, It\\"s+几点钟等的句子.或look, listen, keep quiet等提示语.
一般将来时:
句子结构: 肯定句 主语+will+动词原型+其他
否定句 主语+will not +动词原型+其他
疑问句 Will +主语+动词原型+其他
(will 可改为be going to ,当主语是第一人称时will可用shall)
关键词:tomorrow, tomorrow morning, at seven o\\"clock tomorrow evening, next year,
at ten o\\"clock next Sunday, this year, at the end of this term, from now on, in the year 2008, soon, in a few days\\" time, in the future 等. 一般过去时:
句子结构:肯定句 主语+be(was,were)+其他
否定句 主语+be not+其他
疑问句 Be+主语+其他
或: 肯定句 主语+动词的过去式+其他
否定句 主语+did not+动词原型+其他
疑问句 Did+主语+动词原型+其他
关键词:yesterday,yesterday morning等 ,last week, last year, at the end of last term,
一段时间+ago如:ten years ago, five hours ago, on January 1st,2004, in the 1980s等.
Just now,in the old days, long ago, a moment ago等. 过去进行时:
句子结构: 肯定句 主语+was/were+动词的现在分词+其他
否定句 主语+was/were not +动词的现在分词+其他
疑问句 Was/Were + 主语+ 动词的现在分词+其他
关键词:具体时间+过去的时间壮语 如:at ten o\\"clock yesterday morning, at this time last Sunday等 .
1、所有格:He is Fred\\"s best friend.(-\\"s)
2、动词现在时的第三人称单数:Alfredo works.(-s)
3、动词过去式:Fred worked.(-ed),但亦有不规则变化。
4、现在分词/进行时态:Fred is working.(-ing)([注]如果动词的末音节为辅音结尾的闭音节,则须双写末辅音,如running)
5、过去分词:The car was stolen.(-en);
Fred has talked to the police.(-ed),但亦有不规则变化。
6、动名词:Working is good for the soul.(-ing)
7、名词的复数:Fred has two blue eyes.(-s)([注]如果动词的尾字是s,sh,x,ch,则需加-es,如dishes)
8、形容词的比较级:Fred is smarter than Rick.(-er)形容词末尾加-er,多音节在前面”加more,如\\\"more difficult\\\"。
9、形容词的最高级:Fred has the fastest car.(-est)形容词末尾加-est,多音节词在前面加most,如\\\"the most difficult\\\"。
英语的基本语序为SVO,且基本上不能任意变换语序,除了在少数诗词以外;
另一方面,有时英语会使用OSV的语序。(注:S:Subject[主语];
V:Verbal phrase[谓语];
O:Object[宾语])
英语中所有的词可分成十大类,每一类词在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用。这十大词类是:
一、名 词:表示人或事物的名称的词。
二、形容词:表示人或事物的特征的词。
三、副 词:修饰动词、形容词和副词的词。
四、代 词:是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。
五、数 词:表示数量和顺序的词。
六、动 词:表示动作和状态的词。
七、冠 词:与名词连用,其说明人或事物的作用。
八、介 词:通常置于名词和代词之前,表示名词和代词与其他词的关系。
九、连 词:连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词。
十、感叹词:表示说话人感情或语气的词。
英语的时态
英语共有十六个时态、四个体。(注:四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。)
英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式,如:直陈式,命令式等。
(1)一般现在时
基本形式(以do为例):
第三人称单数:does(主语为非第三人称单数);
肯定句:主语+动词原形+其他;
否定句:主语+don„t+动词原形+其他;
一般疑问句:Do+主语+动词原形+其他。
肯定回答:Yes,+ 主语+do.
否定回答:No,+主语+don\\"t.
特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句语序
(2)一般过去时
be动词+行为动词的过去式
was/were+not;
在行为动词前加didn„t,同时还原行为动词
was或were放于句首;
用助动词do的过去式did提问,同时还原行为动词
(3)一般将来时
am/are/is+going to+do
will/shall+do
am/is/are/about to + do
am/is/are to + do
一般将来时的表达方法
be going to +动词原形
be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to +动词原形
be able to +不定式
be about to+动词原形
(4)过去将来时
be(was,were)going to+动词原形
be(was,were)about to+动词原形
be(was,were)to+动词原形
肯定句:主语+be(was,were)going to+动词原形~.
否定句:主语+be(was,were)not going to+动词原形~.
疑问句:Be(Was,Were)+主语+going to+动词原形~?
肯定句:主语+would(should)+动词原形~.
否定句:主语+would(should)not+动词原形~.
疑问句:Would(Should)+主语+动词原形~?
(5)现在进行时
主语+be+动词ing〔现在分词〕形式
第一人称+am+doing+sth
第二人称+are+doing +sth
第三人称+is+doing+sth (6)过去进行时
肯定句:主语+was/were+doing+其它
否定句:主语+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑问句及答语:Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 答语:Yes,I was./No,I wasn\\"t.
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它
(7)将来进行时
动词be的将来时+现在分词
(8)过去将来进行时
should(would)+be+现在分词
(9)现在完成时
基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他
(10)过去完成时
基本结构:主语+had+过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他
肯定回答:Yes,主语+had
否定回答:No,主语+hadn\\"t
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(had+主语+过去分词+其他)
语法判定:
( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o\\"clock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如:
We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. (11)将来完成时
(shall)will+have+动词过去分词
before+将来时间或by+将来时间
before或by the time引导的现在时的从句
(12)过去将来完成时
should / would have done sth. (13)现在完成进行时
have/has been +-ing 分词
(14)过去完成进行时
had been +-ing 分词
(15)将来完成进行时
主语+ shall/will have been doing (16)过去将来完成进行时
should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称 would have been+现在分词用于其他人称
初中英语语法-定语从句-专项练习用适当的关系词填空:1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I\\"ll never forget the day________we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I\\"ll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week?8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition?9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake?10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake?11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we\\"ve talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today?
初中各年级课件教案习题汇总
语文数学英语物理化学
第17单元
听力理解
【复习目标】
▲掌握已经学过的听力题型,训练解题技巧,提高听力测试成绩。
【解题技巧】
要听清一个词,听懂一句话,一篇短文,首先要有一定的听力基础,这些基础包括单词重音、句子重音、语调、连读、弱读、失去爆破等。平时读课文、听录音时需特别注意这方面的训练。听正常语速的录音,用正常的语速练习对话,养成习惯,做题时便能得心应手。
有了坚实的听力基础,就有了答好听力题的保障,但要得高分、满分,还需要掌握适当的答题技巧。看得清、听得真、想得全、抓得准,可以说是答好听力题的窍门。
1.看得清:是指在做每一小题前,要先看试题,看清题目要求,看清有哪些单词,有几个句子;
句子中的相同点与不同点是什么;
每小题所要测试的是什么内容等。只有看清了,才能有目的、有针对性、有重点地去听。
2.听得真:是指对每一道题要听得真切,听得明白,要想听得真,听时必须全神贯注,一心一意,一丝不苟。为了听得真,听时要注意放松,不能紧张,要屏息静气,高度集中。听单词、听句子时要注意辨析异同,听对话,听短文时要先顾及整体意思。
3.想得全:是指听到录音内容后,迅速地、积极地思考,分析录音内容,权衡录音与试题的关系,判断哪一个选项是正确答案。只有考虑周全,理解得透彻,判断才能准确。
4.抓得准:是指听录音时能抓住关键信息、关键词语,弄清那些和试题有关的人物、时间、地点、事件、行为等内容。抓关键,不能不顾整体;
抓关键,也不能纠缠于个别难词、偏句。抓得准,可大大提高答题速度,达到事半功倍之效。
鉴于“听力”测试的特殊性,答“听力”题要以“览、听、思、写”的秩序快速地进行。“览”即浏览。听前快速浏览试题,做到“心中有数”。“听”即听录音,听时一定要聚精会神,要听清,听明白。要善于捕捉关键信息。“思”是动脑筋分析、判断、理解所听内容的含义,找到问题与录音内容的内在联系,确定正确答案。“写”是动笔,在试卷上选择答案或填写单词。
个别词语、句子没有听清是常事。要善于利用放录音的空隙时间,认真回想没有听清的词或句子的前后内容,从中找出它们中间的内在联系以及同全文或整体对话的联系,以此来补充漏听的不足。
在答案纸上涂答案也要讲究技巧。最好的办法是边做题边作记号,听力题做完后再集中涂答案。
第10单元 动词(三)
当谓语表示一个动作时,它与主语有两种不同的关系。若主语为动作的执行者时,主谓之间是主动关系,用主动语态;
主语为动作的承受者时,主谓之间是被动关系,用被动语态。
被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成,由助动词来表示不同的时态。过去分词的构成分规则与不规则两部分,规则动词的过去分词变化同动词的过去式.
(一)几种不同的被动语态的结构 1.一般现在时的被动结构: be(isamare)+及物动词的过去分词 『例』 This desk is made of wood and metal. English is spoken by more and more people.2.一般过去时的被动结构: was/were+及物动词的过去分词
『例』 A window was broken yesterday. Those tall buildings were built in 1998.3.含情态动词的被动语态结构: 情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词
『例』The claroom must be kept clean and tidy every day.
The book can\\"t be taken out of the reading room.
注意:以上三种被动结构是初中阶段的重点,但初中阶段同时也出现了其他结构。见下面。
4.一般将来时的被动结构:
『例』
An English party will be held on New Year\\"s Day.
Our TV set won\\"t be mended until next Tuesday.
5.现在进行时的被动结构:
be(am/is/are)+being+及物动词的过去分词 『例』 A new school is being built. Too many trees are still being cut down.
6.现在完成时的被动结构:
have/has + been + 及物动词的过去分词
『例』
More than thirty English songs have been taught since September.
The old man has been sent to the hospital.
注意:在初中阶段还出现的另三种时态的被动语态,要求理解。
7.过去进行时的被动结构:
was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词 『例』
At that time the hall was being built.8.过去将来时的被动结构:
should/would +be + 及物动词的过去分词
『例』
He said the machine would be invented soon.9.过去完成时的被动结构: had+been+及物动词的过去分词
『例』When I remembered and went back for it, the bag had been taken away by someone.
(二)被动语态的用法
1. 当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
『例』
The old woman was hit when she croed the street. The apples will be picked next week.
2. 当以动作的承受者为谈话的中心时。
『例』
My glaes were broken by my little son.
The road must be swept by Cla Two.
(三)主动语态变为被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
1. 在hear, see, watch, listen to, look at, feel等感官动词及make, have, let等使役动词的主动语态中,后面接不带to的不定式。但这些词变被动语态后,后面接的不定式须带to,(let通常不用被动语态)
『例』
Mum made Bill go to bed early.
Bill was made to go to bed early.
They watched the children sing that morning.
The children were watched to sing that morning.2. 带双宾语的主动语带变被动语态时,可以把其中一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语,另一个宾语保留在谓语后面,多数是把间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。
『例』 a.Someone will give me a call tomorrow morning.
I will be given a call tomorrow morning.
A call will be given (to) me tomorrow morning.
b. I bought my son a new bike last year.
My son was bought a new bike last year.
A new bike was bought for my son last year.
注意:直接宾语变为被动语态的主语时,间接宾语要为某个介词(如:to、for)的宾语,介词to可省掉(如例a),介词for不能省略(如例b)。
3. 当一个含有复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的句子变为被动语态时,只能把宾语变为被动结构的主语,而宾语补足语不动。
『例』
They told him to help me.
He was told to help me.
We hear her singing a new song.
She was heard singing a new song.4. 动词短语变被动语态时,短语中的介词或副词不能省略。
『例』
You must take care of your books.
Yours books must be taken care of.
May I try on the coat?
May the coat be tried on?
5. 有些动词的主动形式表示被动意义。如:cook(做饭)、print(印刷)、sell(读)、mi(丢失)、build(建造)、copy(抄写)等,它们的进行时态就表示被动意义。
『例』
My bike is miing.
This kind of sweat is selling well.
再如有些不定式表示性质和可能性的形容词hard, easy, poible等或用于too...to, enough to结构中也表达被动意义。
『例』
The problem is too hard to work out.
The air is bad to breathe.
又如在某些动词(词组)中,用动词-ing形式作宾语,表示被动含义。
『例』
The Tianzi Mountain is worth seeing.
第9单元 动词(二)
英语动词有十六种时态,但初中阶段常用的有八种,即:一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般将来时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时。
1.一般现在时
(1) 一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,但在第三人称单数时,谓语动词在词尾要加s或es,规则如下:
a.一般动词在词尾加-s(读音规律同名词变复数),
如:play-plays [],like-likes []
b.以字母s,x,ch,sh和o结尾的动词加-es,
如:wash-washes [w], teach-teaches [:]
c.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es,
如:study-studies, fly-flies
(2) 一般现在时的用法:
a.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
『例』 He gets up early every day. b.表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。
『例』 The Changjiang River is the longest river in China. c.表示客观事实和普遍真理。
『例』 The sun rises in the east.
d.在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。
『例』 I\\"ll tell her about it as soon as she comes back.
2.现在进行时
现在进行时表示说话时或目前正在进行的动作。它由“助动词be (am,is,are)+现在分词”构成。
『例』
The students are singing and dancing now.
现在分词构成如下:
a.一般情况词尾加-ing,如:look-looking, read-reading
b.以不发音的e结尾的词,去e再加-ing,如:ride-riding, leave-leaving
c.以重读闭音节结尾的单词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,应先双写这一辅音字母,再加-ing, 如:
run-running,
swim-swimming,
prefer -preferring等。但是,有些动词的现在进行时表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作,这些动词有go, come, leave, start, arrive, return等。
『例』She is coming to see me next week.
3.现在完成时
现在完成时由助动词have/has+过去分词构成。动词过去分词的构成规则变化同它的过去式.
(1) 现在完成时的用法:
a.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
『例』 We have already seen this film.
The plane hasn\\"t arrived yet.
注意:already,just用于肯定句,yet用于疑问句或否定句。
b.表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和表示一段时间的状语连用,如for a week, since ten years ago等。
『例』 I have lived here since I was born.
He has worked in Shanghai for more than five years.
注意:有些动词代表一个短暂的动作,因而它在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,它们有:begin, start, come, go, buy,sell, die, open, close, join, borrow等。
『例』
His grandfather has died for ten years.
由于die是个短暂性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,这就要用be来表示连续状态:
『例』 His grandfather has been dead for ten years.
列举数例将短暂性动词转换为延续性动词的表达法: Buy---have die---be deadfinish/end----be over join----be in/be+a+名词
fall in/get ill—be ill leave/move----be away from/be out of go out----be out
get up----be up get to know-----know
(2) have/has been to与have/has gone to的用法区别:
have/has been to表示去过某地现在已经返回,表示人已回来。
have/has gone to表示去某地了,可能已经到达,也可能在去的路上,表示人不在这儿。
『例』—Where\\"s Jim? —He\\"s gone to Xi\\"an. I have been to Xi\\"an.
(3) 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的状况,所以它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。
一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。
『例』 I have read this book.(我了解书的内容) I read this book last year.(说明去年看的)
4.一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall/will加动词原形构成。shall(用于第一人称,will用于任何人称。表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间连用。如:tomorrow, next week等。但在表示准备、计划、打算做某事时,常用be going to加动词原形的结构。
『例』 We\\"re going to see Uncle Wang tomorrow.
5.一般过去时
一般过去时由动词的过去式表示,表示过去发生的动作或状态。过去式分为规则变化和不规则变化。
规则变化:
6.过去进行时
过去进行时由was/were加现在分词构成,表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。常与表示过去某一时间的状语或when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语从句连用。
『例』
What were you doing at this time yesterday? My mother was cooking when I got home.
7.过去将来时
过去将来时由should/would加动词原形或was/were going to加动词原形构成,表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情,常用在宾语从句中。 『例』
I didn\\"t know when he would come back.
8.过去完成时
过去完成时由had加过去分词构成,表示过去某一动作或时间以前已发生或完成的动作,也可指从过去某时开始到过去另一时为止的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”。常用的时间状语有:
A. by last month, by the end of last term等;
B. before he came here, when I got there.『例』 By the end of last term they had learned about twenty English songs. The film had already begun when we got there.
注意:before与ago的用法有区别。
before表示“距过去某时…以前”,即过去的过去,用于过去完成时;
ago表示“距今…以前”,即从现在起的过去,用于一般过去时。
第8单元 动词(一)
(一)动词的种类
动词是表示动作或状态的词,按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词。 1.行为动词
行为动词可分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi),及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后跟宾语;
不及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,但后面不能直接跟宾语,如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。
『例』More and more people study English.(vt) The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2.连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
『例』 Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. It feels damp.
3.助动词
助动词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定,疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征,助动词有be,do,have,shall,will等。
『例』 How do you usually come to school? The children are playing yo-yo now.
4.情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
『例』 Can I help you? -Must we go now? –No, you needn’t.
a.can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时,指本身有能力的“能”;
be able to用于各种时态均可,指须经过努力而“能”。
b.must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”,只用于一般现在时和一般将来时;
have/has to表示客观需要,意为“不得不”,它可用于各种时态。 c.need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。
(二)动词不定式
动词不定式to do没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语,但可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语,又可以在句子中作宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、主语、表语等。但它毕竟是动词,因此,具有动词的许多特点,如它可以有自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。
1.作主语:
『例』To learn English is very important. 但实际上不定式作主语常用it来作形式主语,而将不定式移至谓语动词后作真正的主语。如上句可表达为:It\\"s very important to learn English.
2.作表语:
『例』 My idea is to ring him up at once.
3.作宾语:
『例』 I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4.作宾语补足语:
a.ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等动词后面接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
『例』The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b.hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
『例』 We often see Mi Li clean the claroom.
c.let, make, have这些使役动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动语态中这些不带to的都须带上to。
『例』In those days the boes often made the workers work day and night.d.动词help接动词不定式作宾语补足语,可带to也可不带to。
『例』Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?
5.作定语。
a.与被修饰词有动宾关系。如:I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式动词为不及物动词,后面的介词千万不要省略。
『例』 Maybe they have three rooms to live in. b.与被修饰词有主谓关系。
『例』 Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave. c.与被修饰之间只有修饰关系。
『例』 I have no time to play cards.
6.作状语,表示目的、原因、方法、方向、结果等。
『例』 I\\"ll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7.不定式复合结构“for sb.to do sth” 作主语时,常用“It is +adj+ for sb.to do sth” 的句式。It is interesting ( difficult, hard, easy, important, dangerous, important, poible, late , time) for sb to do sth.
『例』It\\"s dangerous for you to ride so fast. It\\"s very kind of you to help me.It is interesting for us to read this story. It’s late for me to have cla.
It is important for her to stay at school.形容词good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever, right, wrong, careful等用“It is +adj +of sb.to do sth.” It is kind ( nice good careful carele ) of sb to do sth. 其他形容词用for。
『例』 It is very kind of you to give me a hand . It is carele of him to do exercises.
8.动词不定式与疑问句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等连用。
『例』I don\\"t know when to start.= I don\\"t know when we\\"ll start. He didn\\"t tell me where to go.
=He didn\\"t tell me where he would go. I don’t know where to go.
We knew who(whom) to ask.
He wants to know what to do.
I want to know why to stand there.
I didn’t know how to when to leave.
Do you know how to answer this question? 注意:
a.有些动词或动词短语不能带不定式,只能接动词的-ing形式。
如:enjoy, finish, keep, mind, mi(错过),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。
『例』 The peasants are busy picking apples. Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些动词后可接不定式,也可接动词的-ing形式,但意思不同。
『例』 Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(该寄但还没做) Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已经寄过信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作) They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
9.不定式的否定形式:
在to 前加not .( not to do sth.)
『例』 Ask her not to speak loudly.
We found people not to throw it about.
Tell the students not to make much noise.
10.let , make, have,
had better=’d better,
will you please= would you please= could you
please(跟动词原形,否定式是在第二个动词原形前加not)
『例』 Let’s go. Let me see.Li Feng made the baby stop crying.
Don’t have them be in trouble.
You had better turn the radio down.
Will you please sweep the floor?
Let us not talk.
Make him not shout again. You’d better not come back.
Will (Would) you please not follow me? Could you please not tell me about it?
11.wish 和hope 的用法:
希望做某事:
hope to do sth.\\\\ wish to do sth.
希望某人做某事:
wish sb to do sth \\\\ hope+that 宾语从句 『例』 It hope to get an English dictionary.
You wish to stay here.(你希望留在这。) We hope (that) we can see you again.= We hope to see you again.
第4单元 冠词
(一)不定冠词a,an
1表示人或事物的某一类(含义相当于一类事物的任何一个) 『例』My father is a driver.
Do you like an apple or a pear? She is a girl.
A horse is an animal.
An elephant is bigger than a horse.A monkey can climb trees.
2a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前。 『例』a university, an hour, an honest boy
3用于表示数量、时间的名词前,表示“每一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。
『例』The plan will be ready in a day or two.
4 有些不可数名词要表示“一种”、“一场”、“一堆”时,须加不定冠词 『例』a heavy snow, a strong wind, make a fire,
have a good time
5用于某些固定短语中
『例』a lot of,
in a hurry, leave a meage, half an hour,
a moment ago,
have a rest
(二)定冠词
1.特指某个或某些人或事物,或指谈话双方都知道的人或事物,或重复上文提过的人或事物。
『例』How do you like the film?
I have got a picture.The picture is very nice.
2.用于指世界上独一无二的事物。
『例』 the sun the moon the earth The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.
3.定冠词the用于序数词前或表示方位的名词前和形容词最高级前 或“same/only/very+名词”前。
『例』the first the best in the south
in the same cla He is the only person who knows the secret.
4.用在形容词前表示一类人或事物。 『例』
The old The rich The poor The young
etc.
5.用于江湖、海洋、山脉、群岛的名称前面。 『例』
the Yellow River, the Himalayas
6.在复数姓氏前加the,表示某某一家人,常看成复数
『例』The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
=The Brown family are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
The Smiths are watching TV.
7.乐器名称前用定冠词the
『例』play the piano, play the violin, John played the piano very well.
8.在一些专有名词和习惯用语中常用定冠词the。 『例』 the Great Wall, by the way, in the morning, the People\\"s Republic of China,
the White house
(三)不用冠词的情况
1.专有名词人名,地名,节日,月份,年份,星期和不可数名词(一般指物质名词和抽象名词)前一般不用冠词。
『例』
in summer, in August, on Sunday, China, Grade Two,
Mr.Li,
Dr.Liu,
meat
2.球类,棋类,语言,三餐,游戏名称和颜色前不加冠词。
『例』in purple, in red, Japanese, Britain, play football,
have breakfast
3.名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, any, no等代词作定语时,不用冠词。
4.在表示家庭成员名称,称呼语,表示头衔或职务的名词前不加冠词。
5.表示某一类人或事物的复数名词前。
注意下列词组的区别:
in fort of=一个物体在另一个物体的前面,
in the front of=在一个整体里,特指前面部分;
in hospital= 住院,
in the hospital=在医院里;
a number of children=许多小孩,
The number of children =孩子的数量
初中英语语法教学教案模板 too.to(共14篇)
初中英语教学教案英语模板(共14篇)
初中英语试讲语法课教案模板(共20篇)
英语教案初中英语模板(共20篇)
初中英语语法课视频教案模板全英文(共2篇)
上一篇:一年级微课教案模板(共11篇)
下一篇:初中语文标准教案模板(共9篇)